Phytochemical Properties of Croton gratissimus Burch (Lavender Croton) Herbal Tea and Its Protective Effect against Iron-Induced Oxidative Hepatic Injury
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Procurement of Herbal Tea Bags and Extraction
4.2. Phytochemical Screening and Characterization
4.2.1. Estimation of Total Phenolic Content
4.2.2. Estimation of Total Flavonoid Content
4.3. Characterization of C. gratissimus Phytoconstituents with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry (HPLC-MS)
4.4. Antioxidant In-Vitro Screening of Herbal the Infusion
4.4.1. Diphenyl-2-Picryl-Hydrazyl (DPPH) Radical Scavenging Activity
4.4.2. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay
4.5. Cell Culture and Cytotoxicity Screening
4.5.1. Cell Maintenance
4.5.2. MTT Assay
4.6. Pre-Treatment and Induction of Oxidative Injury on Chang Liver Cells
4.7. Determination of Reduced Glutathione (GSH) Level
4.8. Determination of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Activity
4.9. Determination of Catalase Activity
4.10. Determination of Malondialdehyde (MDA) Levels
4.11. Determination of Nitric Oxide (NO) Level
4.12. Molecular Docking Analysis of C. gratissimus Phytochemicals with Enzymatic Antioxidant Protein Targets
4.13. Pharmacokinetics and Drug-Likeness Analysis of C. gratissimus Phytochemical Constituents
4.14. Toxicity Prediction of C. gratissimus Phytochemical Constituents
4.15. Statistical Analysis of Data
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Antioxidative Activity | C. gratissimus | Ascorbic Acid | Gallic Acid |
---|---|---|---|
DPPH | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
FRAP | >1000 | 229.82 | 42.12 |
Compounds | [M + H] m/z | Ion Intensity (Area) | Molecular Weight | Molecular Formular |
---|---|---|---|---|
8-Prenylnaringenin | 341.1 | 6,745,309.5 | 340.3 | C20H20O5 |
Pheophorbide a | 593.2 | 131,495.5 | 592.6 | C35H36N4O5 |
Spirasine I | 355.4 | 1,006,042.8 | 355.4 | C22H29NO3 |
Flavonol 3-O-D-galactoside | 401.1 | 941,414.5 | 400.3 | C21H20O8 |
4-Methylumbelliferone glucuronide | 353.0 | 117,078,415.1 | 352.3 | C16H16O9 |
Caffeine | 195.1 | 21,930,284.6 | 195.1 | C8H10N4O2 |
Hypericin | 505.1 | 3,182,449.0 | 504.4 | C30H16O8 |
LD50 (mg/kg) | Toxicity Class | Hepatotoxicity | Nrf/ARE | Catalase | SOD | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8-Prenylnaringenin | 2000 | 4 | No | No | −10.6 | −6.6 |
Pheophorbide-a | 40 | 2 | No | No | −12.6 | −4.7 |
Spirasine I | 260 | 3 | No | No | −6.0 | −7.0 |
Flavonol 3-O-D-galactoside | 5000 | 5 | No | No | −9.0 | −6.6 |
4-Methylumbelliferone glucuronide | 5000 | 5 | No | No | −10.3 | −7.6 |
Caffeine | 127 | 3 | No | No | −7.5 | −4.6 |
Hypericin | 1000 | 4 | No | No | −10.3 | −6.7 |
TPSA | LOGP | GIA | CYP1A2 Inhibitor | CYP2D6 Inhibitor | CYP3A4 Inhibitor | No of Lipinski Violations | No of Veber Violations | No of PAINS Alerts | No of Leadlikeness Violations | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8-Prenylnaringenin | 86.99 | 2.59 | High | Yes | Yes | Yes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Pheophorbide-a | 132.94 | 3.31 | Low | No | No | No | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Spirasine I | 49.77 | 2.96 | High | No | No | No | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Flavonol 3-O-D-galactoside | 129.59 | 1.71 | High | No | No | No | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
4-Methylumbelliferone glucuronide | 146.66 | 1.04 | Low | No | No | No | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Caffeine | 61.82 | 1.79 | High | No | No | No | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Hypericin | 155.52 | 3.10 | Low | No | No | No | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
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Ncume, P.V.; Salau, V.F.; Mtshali, S.; Olofinsan, K.A.; Erukainure, O.L.; Matsabisa, M.G. Phytochemical Properties of Croton gratissimus Burch (Lavender Croton) Herbal Tea and Its Protective Effect against Iron-Induced Oxidative Hepatic Injury. Plants 2023, 12, 2915. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12162915
Ncume PV, Salau VF, Mtshali S, Olofinsan KA, Erukainure OL, Matsabisa MG. Phytochemical Properties of Croton gratissimus Burch (Lavender Croton) Herbal Tea and Its Protective Effect against Iron-Induced Oxidative Hepatic Injury. Plants. 2023; 12(16):2915. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12162915
Chicago/Turabian StyleNcume, Paul V., Veronica F. Salau, Sibahle Mtshali, Kolawole A. Olofinsan, Ochuko L. Erukainure, and Motlalepula G. Matsabisa. 2023. "Phytochemical Properties of Croton gratissimus Burch (Lavender Croton) Herbal Tea and Its Protective Effect against Iron-Induced Oxidative Hepatic Injury" Plants 12, no. 16: 2915. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12162915