Influence of Silicon on Biocontrol Strategies to Manage Biotic Stress for Crop Protection, Performance, and Improvement
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Availability of Si in Soil
3. Action Mechanism of Si and Interaction of Biotic Stress
3.1. Silicon Resist Insect Pests’ Diseases
3.2. Effects of Silicon on Plant Fungal Diseases
3.3. The Impact of Silicon on Plant Bacterial Infections
4. Silicon Increase Resistance Mechanism
4.1. Mechanism Physical Barrier
4.2. Biochemical Mechanism
4.3. Role of Defense-Related Enzymes
4.4. Genomics and Metabolomics Prospective
5. Is Si Essential/Beneficial Element?
6. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Crop | Pests | Pest Species | Adaptive Mechanisms | Source |
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) | Stalk borer | Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) | Enhanced Si accumulation and relative growth rate and decreased boring success of sugarcane borer larvae and feeding injury. Upgraded cuticle thickening and crystals accumulation on the leaf stomata. | [95,96,97] |
African stalk borer | Eldana saccharina (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) | Si-amended plants significantly enhanced the accumulation of Si in soil and plant organs relative to normal plants, and the outer rind was harder than the control. Treated plants reduced borer penetration, stalk injury, and gain of larval mass. Si directly supported the resistance of E. saccharina through a decreased larval growth rate and feeding injury to the crop plants and indirectly supported it by delayed stalk penetration, resulting mostly in an enhanced exposure time frequency of mature larvae to natural enemies. | [98,99,100] | |
Stalk borer | Sesamia spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) | Si increased the tolerance efficiency of sugarcane against stalk borers. The significant loss on borer population and damage but the major loss in the stalk injury (%), bored internodes, moth exit holes, and length of borer tunnel and number of larvae and pupae per 100 stalks were monitored in the sensitive cultivar. It enhanced cane and juice quality parameters and efficiency of parasitism. | [101,102,103] | |
Spittlebug | Mahanarva fimbriolata (Hem.: Cercopidae) | Si enhanced the uptake, accumulation, and nymphal mortality. It totally depended on the sugarcane cultivars. The duration of pre-oviposition, fecundity, and egg viability were found to be unchanged by Si amendment. | [104] | |
Internode borer | Chilo infuscatellus (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) | Si reduced the damage incidences and was significantly effective against early shoot borers. | [105] | |
Leafhopper | Pyrilla perpusilla | The Pyrilla population was less in the Si-applied field, and parasitism (%) increased. The Pyrilla population reduced by an increment of E. melanoleuca parasitism with Si amendment. | [106] | |
Yellow mite | Oligonychus sacchari (Acari: Tetranychidae) | Significant differences were found in Si and control groups of mite and predatory beetle populations. The population density of mites decreased in all the Si-applied categories as compared to control plants. It is the potential element for the management of mite injury and should be applied with other management approaches. | [107,108] | |
Stalk borer | Diatraea tabernella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) | The amendment of Si-based products decreased internodes borer (about 50%) loss. | [109] | |
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) | Asiatic stem borer | Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) | Si-applied plants enhanced Si concentration relative to normal plants and reduced borer penetration, weight increase, stem injury, and prolonged penetration time and larval behavior. Plant mortality by stem borer, leaf folder, and population size of the plant hopper were positively reduced. The results showed that the application of Si may provide substantial protective capacity from a few of the rice pests during field conditions. | [110,111] |
Brown planthopper | Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) | The higher dose of Si had no symptoms on the morphological traits. It is the major element that restricts brown planthopper (BPH) response in rice–BPH interactions, and it is more beneficial for non-pesticide BPH control. | [112] | |
White-backed planthopper | Sogatella furcifera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) | Increased Si content in the upper and lower sides of rice leaves in the foliar spray of Si. Sufficient Si cells were found around the stomata. The oxalic acid and soluble sugar content were enhanced significantly. The number of eggs laid by per female of S. furciferafed was reduced. | [113] | |
Yellow stem borer | Scirpophaga incertulas (Lepidoptera:Crambidae) | All the soil treatments reduced damage by YSB at vegetative and reproductive phases across five varieties as compared to the control. Si revealed the enhanced deposition of Si in cell walls and a two- to five-fold increase in Si content across treatments. The histological studies showed the rupture of the peritrophic membrane, increased vacuolation, disintegration of columnar cells, and discharge of cellular contents into the gut lumen due to abrasion of midgut epithelium, as compared to the control where the columnar cells and midgut lining were intact. | [114] | |
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) | Spotted spider mite | Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) | Plant leaves were performed to investigate the physiological parameters that indicate the activation of the defense strategy of plants. Si induced the formation of plant defense substances decreasing, the net reproduction rate. | [115] |
Tahiti Lime (Citrus spp.) | Asian Citrus Psyllid | Diaphorina citri (Homoptera: Liviidae) | The use of Si in seedlings and trees infected Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) oviposition, causing a loss of about 60%. It did not affect the macro-micro nutrient profile of plants, with the exception of the foliar application. | [116] |
Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) | Chilli Thrips | Scirtothrips dorsalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) | A very low impact of Si on the leaf morphological injury and numbers of thrips restored from diseased plants were observed. Jasmonic acid as a plant defense elicitor did not change the proportion of the leaves that sustained thrips injury. Plant roots absorb Si in the soil but are not distributed or translocated to the other plant organs, i.e., leaf and shoot. No significant effects were observed in the plant biomass. | [117] |
Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) | Spotted spider mite | Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) | Si prolonged the frequency of some immature phases of the mites in parental and F1 generations; no changes were found at the complete biological cycle. The time of pre-oviposition and oviposition and the longevity of the parental generation and the longevity and oviposition of the F1 generation of the two-spotted spider mite were negatively affected by the addition of Si. | [118] |
Zinnia elegans | Aphid | Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) | No changes were found at the duration of the pre-reproductive and survivorship of M. persicae by Si, but the total cumulative fecundity and the intrinsic rate of increase (r(m)) were slightly decreased on Z. elegans plants subjected to Si. Si content increased in plant leaves. Phenolics compounds and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) activity were slightly affected. | [119] |
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) | Silver whitefly | Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) | Si reduced the population of immature whiteflies on tomato plants. Foliar spray was more efficient in decreasing the density of population of these pests as compared to Si irrigation. | [120] |
Leaf miner | Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) | A potential impact of Si on crops for increasing plant vigor and tolerance to pest injury was observed. Si reduced the population of immature tomato leaf miners on tomato crops. | [120] | |
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) | Cotton thrips | Frankliniella schultzei (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) | Si enhanced the number of lesions and the mortality of nymphs, reduced the injury on tomato leaves, and increased the tolerance strategy to pests. | [121] |
Collard greens (Brassica oleracea) | Diamond back moth | Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) | Nutritional variations mediated by stress and Si in fiber, LWC, soluble N, and glucosinolates did not enhance insect activities in any feeding guild. | [122] |
Cabbage aphid | Brevicoryne brassicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) | Si improved the resistance capacity of stress and herbivore stresses. | [122] | |
Soybean (Glycine max L.) | Budworm | Helicoverpa punctigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) | Herbivory decreased leaf biomass in Si-applied and normal plants compared to herbivore-free plants. Si and herbivory enhanced the Si level. It decreased H. punctigera relative growth rates. | [123] |
Silver whitefly | Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) | No effects were found on silverleaf whitefly oviposition, but significant mortality in nymphs was found. Si enhanced the resistance degree to silverleaf whitefly and down-regulated the phenolic compounds, but no effect on lignin formation and the vegetative growth phase was observed. However, an enhanced tolerance capacity to plants was observed. | [124] | |
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) | Pink stem borer | Sesamia inferens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) | Si enhanced the photosynthetic performance, biomass, and productivity. | [125] |
Aphid | Schizaphis graminum (Hemiptera: Aphididae) | The aphid’s intrinsic rate of population increased after seedling emergence and the enzymatic activities, i.e., POD, PPLO, and PAL associated in the plant defense mechanisms. | [64] | |
Grain Aphid | Sitobion avenae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) | The density of wheat aphids was enhanced during N application, which closely correlates to the losses of the average soluble sugar and total phenolic content. The effects of the Si on the reduction in population density of aphids would be associated to the increment of the average contents of soluble sugar, phenolic compounds, and tannin contents of wheat leaves and ears. | [126] | |
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) | Bordered patch | Chlosyne lacinia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) | Reduced weight of the caterpillars at the first and second week of age was observed. Si increased the distribution of the element and decreased lignin content. Negative correlations were found in Si and larval weight. It is an alternative strategy that can effectively integrate into the management of pest in crops. | [127] |
Cucumber (Cucumis sativa L.) | Silver whitefly | Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) | Si-treated plant leaves were less injured as compared to normal plants. No positive signs were found in treated and normal plants regarding lignin content, nutritional elements, water status, trichome density, and carbon and nitrogen levels. Volatile organic compounds and indole content increased for plant defense priming, and cellulose content was reduced. | [62,128] |
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) | Cotton Bollworm | Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) | Herbivory positively enhanced the accumulation of Si in infected plant leaves. The use of Si upregulated Si and the C:N ratio while reducing the larval relative consumption and the relative growth rate in the in situ assays. | [129] |
Cocoa (Toxoptera aurantii) | Aphid | Toxoptera aurantii (Aphididae) | The efficiency of the chlorophyll fluorescence yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), photosynthetic responses, and total soluble phenol activities were significantly enhanced. The amendment of Si did not affect the morphological performance index. | [130] |
Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) | Silver whitefly | Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) | No changes were observed in the oviposition of the whitefly and the nymph development as well as the phenol levels after Si amendment. | [131] |
Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) | Spider mite | Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) | Si suppressed the T. urticae egg-laying, population growth, and leaflet damage and slightly mitigated T. urticae-induced losses in photosynthetic responses. | [132] |
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) | Beetle | Diabrotica speciosa (Chrysomelidae) | No significant interactions were found between Si and crop parameters. The incidence of beetles and aphids was not influenced by Si application and neither was the growth, development, and final output of the crop plants. | [133] |
Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) | Grapevine moth | Phalaenoides glycinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) | Application of Si may also indirectly affect plant pests through induced chemical defenses by altering and increasing the production of herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs). It plays a major role in induced plant defense strategies activated by herbivore feeding or oviposition. | [77] |
Maize (Zea mays L.) | Fall armyworm | Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) | Si reduced the larval weight, pre-pupal weight, pupal weight and larval survival, and fecundity and fertility. The biological characteristics of S. frugiperda were non-significantly correlated with increasing levels of Si, phenols, tannins, and potassium levels in plant leaves. | [134] |
True armyworm | Pseudeletia unipuncta (Lepi-doptera: Noctuidae) | Effectively decreased the palatability and digestibility of the plant leaves and thus impacted nutrient uptake by insect herbivores. The addition of Si increased larval mortality as compared to the control because early instars with poorly developed mandibles could not feed effectively. | [135] | |
Rescuegrass (Bromus catharticus) | Grasshopper | Oxya grandis (Orthoptera: Acrididae) | Si enhanced more than 12 times the higher supplementation treatments. The maximum dose of Si in Si-rich plants did not affect the morphological structure of the phytoliths. | [136] |
Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) | Large pine weevil | Hylobius abietis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) | No significant effects were shown on the growth or mortality of plants after Si application. Bark Si content was found to be similar as compared to normal seedlings. | [137] |
Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) | African Armyworm | Spodoptera exempta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) | Si decreased the digestibility of plant leaves and decreased the functionality with S. exempta-ingested food to body mass and the amount of nitrogen absorbed from their food, leading to a decreased rate of insect growth. | [138] |
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Verma, K.K.; Song, X.-P.; Tian, D.-D.; Guo, D.-J.; Chen, Z.-L.; Zhong, C.-S.; Nikpay, A.; Singh, M.; Rajput, V.D.; Singh, R.K.; et al. Influence of Silicon on Biocontrol Strategies to Manage Biotic Stress for Crop Protection, Performance, and Improvement. Plants 2021, 10, 2163. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102163
Verma KK, Song X-P, Tian D-D, Guo D-J, Chen Z-L, Zhong C-S, Nikpay A, Singh M, Rajput VD, Singh RK, et al. Influence of Silicon on Biocontrol Strategies to Manage Biotic Stress for Crop Protection, Performance, and Improvement. Plants. 2021; 10(10):2163. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102163
Chicago/Turabian StyleVerma, Krishan K., Xiu-Peng Song, Dan-Dan Tian, Dao-Jun Guo, Zhong-Liang Chen, Chang-Song Zhong, Amin Nikpay, Munna Singh, Vishnu D. Rajput, Rupesh Kumar Singh, and et al. 2021. "Influence of Silicon on Biocontrol Strategies to Manage Biotic Stress for Crop Protection, Performance, and Improvement" Plants 10, no. 10: 2163. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102163