Structural Characterization and Antioxidant Capacity of Quinoa Cultivars Using Techniques of FT-MIR and UHPLC/ESI-Orbitrap MS Spectroscopy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Quinoa Grain Characteristics
2.2. Infrared Spectroscopy
2.2.1. Secondary Protein Structure by FTIR Spectroscopy
2.2.2. Secondary Starch Structure by FTIR Spectroscopy
2.3. Polyphenols and Antioxidant Capacity by ABTS, DPPH and FRAP
2.4. Phenolic Compounds under UHPLC-ESI-Orbitrap MS
2.5. Phytochemical Multivariate Structure Analysis
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Proximal Characteristics
4.3. CIEL*a*b* Coordinates Determination
4.4. Mid-Range Infrared Spectroscopy
4.5. Polyphenols
4.6. Antioxidants
4.6.1. FRAP
4.6.2. ABTS
4.6.3. DPPH
4.7. Phenolic Compounds Determination by UHPLC/ESI-Orbitrap MS
4.8. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cultivars | L* | a* | b* | Protein | Carbohydrates | Fat |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Titicaca | 53.50 ± 0.58 d | 4.05 ± 0.08 b | 23.84 ± 0.04 b | 14.63 ± 0.30 a | 49.36 ± 0.70 c | 5.7 ± 0.30 c |
Salcedo | 73.59 ± 0.52 a | 1.51 ± 0.03 e | 18.14 ± 0.05 e | 13.36 ± 0.47 b | 59.63 ± 0.47 ab | 6.76 ± 0.25 ab |
Soracá | 69.40 ± 0.90 b | 1.93 ± 0.16 d | 21.12 ± 0.21 c | 14.10 ± 0.26 ab | 57.30 ± 0.70 b | 6.1 ± 0.1 c |
Pasankalla | 30.78 ± 0.46 e | 10.4 ± 0.24 a | 11.92 ± 0.26 f | 14. 46 ± 0.14 a | 57.30 ± 1.05 b | 6.76 ± 0.25 ab |
Puno | 54.03 ± 0.22 d | 1.32 ± 0.19 e | 18.99 ± 0.16 d | 11.73 ± 0.30 c | 61.06 ± 0.51 a | 7 ± 0.1 a |
Nariño | 62.29 ± 0.34 c | 3.56 ± 0.04 c | 25.59 ± 0.04 a | 11.36 ± 0.30 c | 62.53 ± 2.05 a | 6.26 ± 0.15 bc |
Cultivars | C-H Stretching (2922 cm−1) | C-H Stretching; C-O-C; C-O Bending (1016 cm−1) | C=O Stretching (1633 cm−1) |
---|---|---|---|
Titicaca | 0.65 ± 0.02 b | 0.0011 ± 0.00006 c | 0.47 ± 0.04 b |
Salcedo | 0.68 ± 0.01 ab | 0.0021 ± 0.0001 b | 0.34 ± 0.06 c |
Soracá | 0.69 ± 0.008 ab | 0.003 ± 0.0004 a | 0.55 ± 0.04 ab |
Puno | 0.68 ± 0.04 ab | 0.0009 ± 0.0004 c | 0.30 ± 0.02 c |
Pasankalla | 0.76 ± 0.04 a | 0.0031 ± 0.0001 a | 0.61 ± 0.03 a |
Nariño | 0.68 ± 0.01 ab | 0.0021 ± 0.0001 b | 0.32 ± 0.005 c |
Cultivars | β-Sheet-1 (1624 cm−1) | β-Sheet-2 (1627 cm−1) | β-Sheet-3 (1635 cm−1) | Random Coil (1648 cm−1) | α Elice (1656 cm−1) | β-Turns-1 (1667 cm−1) | β-Turns-2 (1675 cm−1) | β-Turns-3 (1680 cm−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Titicaca | 2.99 ± 0.13 a | 2.87 ± 0.07 a | 1.09 ± 0.08 c | 3.08 ± 0.07 b | 1.33 ± 0.07 e | 3.53 ± 0.06 a | 1.36 ± 0.05 b | 0.26 ± 0.05 e |
Salcedo | 2.14 ± 0.05 b | 1.89 ± 0.06 c | 3.08 ± 0.07 b | 3.35 ± 0.14 ab | 3.07 ± 0.07 b | 2.14 ± 0.14 b | 0.92 ± 0.08 d | 0.77 ± 0.05 c |
Soracá | 0.37 ± 0.04 e | 1.49 ± 0.04 d | 3.44 ± 0.12 a | 3.59 ± 0.14 a | 4.97 ± 0.09 a | 1.46 ± 0.07 c | 0.59 ± 0.01 e | 0.33 ± 0.01 de |
Puno | 0.75 ± 0.04 d | 0.17 ± 0.02 e | 1.11 ± 0.19 c | 1.24 ± 0.1 d | 2.56 ± 0.14 c | 1.66 ± 0.09 c | 1.07 ± 0.04 c | 1.31 ± 0.01 b |
Pasankalla | 0.58 ± 0.02 de | 0.08 ± 0.009 e | 0.95 ± 0.04 c | 2.53 ± 0.1 c | 0.14 ± 0.009 f | 1.47 ± 0.05 c | 0.51 ± 0.03 e | 0.5 ± 0.08 d |
Nariño | 1.1 ± 0.12 c | 2.36 ± 0.1 b | 3.38 ± 0.13 ab | 0.72 ± 0.09 e | 1.73 ± 0.07 e | 0.57 ± 0.1 d | 1.9 ± 0.01 a | 3.37 ± 0.09 a |
Cultivars | 996 cm−1 | 1014 cm−1 | 1041 cm−1 | 1076 cm−1 | 1099 cm−1 | 1145 cm−1 | 996/1014 | 1041/1014 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Titicaca | 0.9 ± 0.01 b | 0.11 ± 0.01 c | 0.14 ± 0.004 c | 0.99 ± 0.007 a | 0.39 ± 0.01 ab | 0.53 ± 0.01 a | 8.23 ± 0.79 b | 1.3 ± 0.08 d |
Salcedo | 0.98 ± 0.01 a | 0.06 ± 0.004 d | 0.13 ± 0.006 c | 0.96 ± 0.02 b | 0.38 ± 0.01 ab | 0.46 ± 0.01 b | 15.28 ± 1.1 a | 2.04 ± 0.12 b |
Soracá | 0.82 ± 0.01 c | 0.06 ± 0.01 d | 0.26 ± 0.01 b | 0.98 ± 0.005 a | 0.33 ± 0.03 c | 0.53 ± 0.02 a | 14 ± 2.1 a | 4.02 ± 0.27 a |
Puno | 0.97 ± 0.01 a | 0.16 ± 0.01 b | 0.23 ± 0.01 b | 0.86 ± 0.005 c | 0.34 ± 0.01 bc | 0.4 ± 0.01 c | 6.11 ± 0.32 bc | 1.48 ± 0.16 cd |
Pasankalla | 0.81 ± 0.01 c | 0.17 ± 0.01 b | 0.32 ± 0.004 a | 0.99 ± 0.002 a | 0.31 ± 0.05 c | 0.53 ± 0.01 a | 4.81 ± 0.34 c | 1.91 ± 0.1 bc |
Nariño | 0.98 ± 0.01 a | 0.22 ± 0.02 a | 0.34 ± 0.01 a | 0.97 ± 0.005 ab | 0.41 ± 0.01 a | 0.52 ± 0.01 a | 4.51 ± 0.53 c | 1.58 ± 0.16 bcd |
Cultivars | Polyphenols (mg AG/g) | ABTS (µmol de T/g) | DPPH (µmol de T /g) | FRAP (µmol de AA/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Titicaca | 1.0409 ± 0.0202 b | 10.8536 ± 0.1317 a | 2.3488 ± 0.0177 d | 3.2626 ± 0.0585 a |
Salcedo | 0.9303 ± 0.0103 c | 8.2387 ± 0.2718 c | 2.7893 ± 0.0627 c | 1.9886 ± 0.0643 c |
Soracá | 0.735 ± 0.0212 d | 5.6546 ± 0.1075 d | 2.6638 ± 0.0648 c | 0.8063 ± 0.0215 f |
Puno | 0.6782 ± 0.0198 e | 7.9468 ± 0.1222 c | 2.8127 ± 0.0830 c | 1.6469 ± 0.0159 d |
Pasankalla | 0.6681 ± 0.001 e | 9.4534 ± 0.3435 b | 3.2587 ± 0.0697 b | 1.2685 ± 0.0373 e |
Nariño | 1.7737 ± 0.009 a | 11.0023 ± 0.0857 a | 3.8935 ± 0.0454 a | 2.6356 ± 0.0212 b |
Cultivars | Caffeine | Caffeic Acid | Vanillic Acid | p-Coumaric Acid | Ferulic Acid | Pinocembrin | Quercetin-3-Glucoside |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Salcedo | 0.12 ± 0.002 d | 2.41 ± 0.02 a | 4.02 ± 0.01 a | 1.92 ± 0.02 d | 5.58 ± 0.1 f | 0.04 ± 0.01 bc | 0.53 ± 0.09 c |
Puno | 0.13 ± 0.003 c | 1.88 ± 0.01 b | 3.66 ± 0.01 b | 2.04 ± 0.02 d | 6.71 ± 0.09 e | 0.01 ± 0.01 c | 1.23 ± 0.11 b |
Pasankalla | 0.15 ± 0.003 a | 1.43 ± 0.02 d | 3.02 ± 0.01 e | 2.6 ± 0.02 c | 9.26 ± 0.1 c | 0.01 ± 0.01 c | 0.37 ± 0.14 cd |
Soracá | 0.14 ± 0.003 b | 1.26 ± 0.01 e | 3.49 ± 0.01 c | 14 ± 0.2 a | 11.83 ± 0.09 b | 0.05 ± 0.02 ab | 0.1 ± 0.1 d |
Titicaca | 0.15 ± 0.003 a | 1.49 ± 0.01 c | 1.94 ± 0.02 f | 5.53 ± 0.2 b | 7.42 ± 0.1 d | 0.01 ± 0.009 c | 1.79 ± 0.12 a |
Nariño | 0.13 ± 0.002 c | 1.84 ± 0.01 b | 3.07 ± 0.01 d | 14.41 ± 0.02 a | 14.67 ± 0.1 a | 0.07 ± 0.01 a | 1.49 ± 0.11 b |
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García-Parra, M.; Roa-Acosta, D.; García-Londoño, V.; Moreno-Medina, B.; Bravo-Gomez, J. Structural Characterization and Antioxidant Capacity of Quinoa Cultivars Using Techniques of FT-MIR and UHPLC/ESI-Orbitrap MS Spectroscopy. Plants 2021, 10, 2159. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102159
García-Parra M, Roa-Acosta D, García-Londoño V, Moreno-Medina B, Bravo-Gomez J. Structural Characterization and Antioxidant Capacity of Quinoa Cultivars Using Techniques of FT-MIR and UHPLC/ESI-Orbitrap MS Spectroscopy. Plants. 2021; 10(10):2159. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102159
Chicago/Turabian StyleGarcía-Parra, Miguel, Diego Roa-Acosta, Víctor García-Londoño, Brigitte Moreno-Medina, and Jesús Bravo-Gomez. 2021. "Structural Characterization and Antioxidant Capacity of Quinoa Cultivars Using Techniques of FT-MIR and UHPLC/ESI-Orbitrap MS Spectroscopy" Plants 10, no. 10: 2159. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102159