Genotype-Dependent Variation of Nutritional Quality-Related Traits in Quinoa Seeds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Plant Performance and Physiological and Agronomical Traits
2.2. Germination Rates and Seed Viability
2.3. Protein Content
2.4. Mineral Content
2.5. Antioxidant Capacity
2.6. Saponin Content
2.7. Principal Components Analysis (PCA)
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Material, Experimental Design, and Location
4.2. Seed Weight and Area
4.3. Seed Germination Rate
4.4. Seed Viability
4.5. Saponin Content
4.6. Protein Content
4.7. Mineral Content
4.8. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay
4.9. Total Phenol Content (TPC)
4.10. Total Flavonoid Content (TFC)
4.11. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ash (%) | Nitrogen (%) | C/N ratio | P (%) | K (%) | Ca (%) | Mg (%) | Na (ppm) | Fe (ppm) | Mn (ppm) | Cu (ppm) | Zn (ppm) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A-SE-01 | 3.48 ± 0.02 | 2.04 ± 0.04 | 18.45 ± 0.35 | 0.29 ± 0.00 | 1.14 ± 0.01 | 0.30 ± 0.02 | 0.21 ± 0.00 | 146.98 ± 5.99 | 40.41 ± 0.27 | 19.57 ± 0.30 | 9.30 ± 1.42 | 29.18 ± 0.34 |
b | cd | bc | bc | ab | abc | - | bcdefg | b | bcdef | bcde | efg | |
A-SE-02 | 3.22 ± 0.10 | 2.55 ± 0.07 | 14.81 ± 0.56 | 0.27 ± 0.00 | 1.03 ± 0.01 | 0.28 ± 0.01 | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 116.63 ± 7.66 | 38.98 ± 1.72 | 11.69 ± 0.05 | 11.70 ± 1.73 | 29.56 ± 0.44 |
abc | ab | de | bc | b | bc | - | gh | b | f | bc | ef | |
A-SE-03 | 3.47 ± 0.07 | 1.62 ± 0.03 | 22.59 ± 0.28 | 0.17 ± 0.00 | 1.26 ± 0.01 | 0.38 ± 0.02 | 0.19 ± 0.00 | 233.42 ± 55.08 | 36.05 ± 1.35 | 16.65 ± 0.99 | 7.54 ± 0.56 | 23.93 ± 0.38 |
abc | d | b | d | ab | a | - | ab | b | cdef | cdef | i | |
A-SE-04 | 3.03 ± 0.33 | 2.21 ± 0.23 | 17.47 ± 1.56 | 0.22 ± 0.02 | 0.98 ± 0.12 | 0.35 ± 0.02 | 0.20 ± 0.02 | 279.7 ± 37.63 | 32.85 ± 3.45 | 13.83 ± 0.95 | 7.86 ± 1.21 | 29.95 ± 0.52 |
abc | bcd | bcd | cd | ab | ab | - | a | bc | ef | bcdef | def | |
A-SE-05 | 3.66 ± 0.27 | 2.08 ± 0.11 | 18.21 ± 0.92 | 0.27 ± 0.02 | 1.24 ± 0.10 | 0.35 ± 0.04 | 0.18 ± 0.01 | 173.49 ± 21.92 | 29.73 ± 2.74 | 13.42 ± 0.72 | 9.34 ± 0.80 | 31.60 ± 0.74 |
abc | cd | bcd | bcd | ab | abcd | - | abcdef | bc | def | bcde | bcd | |
A-SE-06 | 3.11 ± 0.17 | 1.46 ± 0.03 | 25.34 ± 0.44 | 0.15 ± 0.00 | 1.13 ± 0.03 | 0.36 ± 0.12 | 0.17 ± 0.02 | 194.52 ± 59.36 | 35.08 ± 15.60 | 14.32 ± 6.60 | 9.40 ± 3.17 | 25.53 ± 1.23 |
abc | e | a | e | ab | abcdef | - | abcde | bc | cdef | bcdef | ghi | |
A-SE-07 | 3.18 ± 0.09 | 2.04 ± 0.03 | 18.40 ± 0.45 | 0.26 ± 0.01 | 1.10 ± 0.02 | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 0.19 ± 0.00 | 125.43 ± 14.68 | 42.71 ± 3.77 | 19.92 ± 0.18 | 10.28 ± 0.31 | 30.85 ± 0.22 |
bc | cd | bc | bcd | ab | def | - | efgh | abc | bcde | bc | cde | |
A-SE-08 | 3.43 ± 0.36 | 2.46 ± 0.25 | 15.65 ± 1.65 | 0.28 ± 0.03 | 1.15 ± 0.12 | 0.21 ± 0.02 | 0.22 ± 0.02 | 141.79 ± 12.98 | 43.18 ± 3.60 | 22.90 ± 0.38 | 10.32 ± 0.44 | 31.28 ± 0.80 |
abc | abc | bcde | bc | ab | cde | - | cdefgh | abc | ab | bcd | bcd | |
A-SE-09 | 3.50 ± 0.47 | 2.12 ± 0.19 | 17.90 ± 1.50 | 0.26 ± 0.03 | 1.16 ± 0.16 | 0.27 ± 0.01 | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 153.07 ± 32.93 | 39.54 ± 4.68 | 22.19 ± 1.50 | 7.08 ± 0.53 | 23.80 ± 0.25 |
abc | cd | bcd | bcd | ab | bcde | - | bcdefgh | abc | ab | def | i | |
A-SE-10 | 3.68 ± 0.34 | 2.24 ± 0.12 | 16.95 ± 0.99 | 0.24 ± 0.04 | 1.22 ± 0.17 | 0.25 ± 0.04 | 0.19 ± 0.03 | 191.24 ± 21.87 | 47.12 ± 8.56 | 20.77 ± 2.11 | 6.41 ± 1.01 | 25.32 ± 1.36 |
abc | abcd | bcde | bcd | ab | abcdef | - | abcd | abc | abcd | ef | hi | |
A-SE-11 | 3.62 ± 0.63 | 2.29 ± 0.22 | 16.74 ± 1.57 | 0.28 ± 0.03 | 1.23 ± 0.21 | 0.24 ± 0.03 | 0.21 ± 0.03 | 194.76 ± 22.11 | 39.56 ± 6.24 | 20.05 ± 1.63 | 6.55 ± 0.68 | 28.76 ± 0.30 |
abc | abcd | bcde | bcd | ab | abcdef | - | abc | abc | abcd | f | fgh | |
A-SE-12 | 3.26 ± 0.03 | 2.48 ± 0.10 | 15.13 ± 0.59 | 0.31 ± 0.01 | 1.12 ± 0.01 | 0.36 ± 0.01 | 0.19 ± 0.00 | 139.22 ± 16.03 | 56.39 ± 1.56 | 17.62 ± 0.51 | 8.98 ± 0.76 | 35.23 ± 0.21 |
c | abc | cde | b | ab | a | - | defgh | a | cdef | bcdef | a | |
A-SE-13 | 3.73 ± 0.03 | 2.10 ± 0.02 | 17.93 ± 0.28 | 0.27 ± 0.01 | 1.39 ± 0.03 | 0.10 ± 0.03 | 0.18 ± 0.01 | 121.64 ± 15.62 | 35.17 ± 3.55 | 22.17 ± 1.15 | 19.52 ± 0.60 | 32.45 ± 0.58 |
a | bcd | bcd | bcd | a | ef | - | fgh | bc | abc | a | bc | |
A-SE-14 | 3.34 ± 0.21 | 2.17 ± 0.13 | 17.52 ± 1.00 | 0.25 ± 0.01 | 1.16 ± 0.06 | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 0.20 ± 0.01 | 125.35 ± 15.11 | 33.19 ± 2.41 | 23.16 ± 1.16 | 18.46 ± 0.88 | 29.37 ± 0.97 |
abc | bcd | bcd | bcd | ab | f | - | fgh | bc | a | ab | efg | |
A-SE-15 | 3.19 ± 0.08 | 2.67 ± 0.07 | 14.39 ± 0.48 | 0.35 ± 0.01 | 1.12 ± 0.02 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.21 ± 0.01 | 100.87 ± 8.96 | 25.10 ± 1.29 | 20.34 ± 0.50 | 19.75 ± 0.96 | 34.09 ± 0.81 |
bc | a | e | a | ab | f | - | h | c | abcd | a | b |
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Granado-Rodríguez, S.; Vilariño-Rodríguez, S.; Maestro-Gaitán, I.; Matías, J.; Rodríguez, M.J.; Calvo, P.; Cruz, V.; Bolaños, L.; Reguera, M. Genotype-Dependent Variation of Nutritional Quality-Related Traits in Quinoa Seeds. Plants 2021, 10, 2128. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102128
Granado-Rodríguez S, Vilariño-Rodríguez S, Maestro-Gaitán I, Matías J, Rodríguez MJ, Calvo P, Cruz V, Bolaños L, Reguera M. Genotype-Dependent Variation of Nutritional Quality-Related Traits in Quinoa Seeds. Plants. 2021; 10(10):2128. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102128
Chicago/Turabian StyleGranado-Rodríguez, Sara, Susana Vilariño-Rodríguez, Isaac Maestro-Gaitán, Javier Matías, María José Rodríguez, Patricia Calvo, Verónica Cruz, Luis Bolaños, and María Reguera. 2021. "Genotype-Dependent Variation of Nutritional Quality-Related Traits in Quinoa Seeds" Plants 10, no. 10: 2128. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102128