Space-Time Variation and Spatial Differentiation of COVID-19 Confirmed Cases in Hubei Province Based on Extended GWR
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Overview of the Study Area
2.2. Data Sources
2.3. Research Methods
2.3.1. Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression Model (GTWR)
2.3.2. Multi-Scale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR)
2.3.3. Panel Data Sliding Regression
2.4. The Evolution of Population Migration between Prefecture-Level Cities
2.5. Time-Serial Spatial Autocorrelation of COVID-19
2.6. The Results of Extended GWR Sequential Sliding Regression
3. Discussion
3.1. Bidirectional Population Migration
3.2. Co-Effects of Spatial Heterogeneity and Temporal Heterogeneity on COVID-19
3.3. The Spatial Scale Effects of Different Factors Vary
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Road Type | Railway | Expressway | Main Road | Secondary Road | Other Road | Subway |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weight | 0.24 | 0.20 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.02 |
In Out | WH | HS | SY | YC | XY | EZ | JM | XG | JZ | HG | XN | SZ | ES | XT | QJ | TM | SN | Sum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WH | / | 97 | 30 | 67 | 104 | 93 | 52 | 529 | 239 | 644 | 133 | 38 | 41 | 32 | 9 | 19 | 0 | 2127 |
HS | 2489 | / | 5 | 12 | 18 | 313 | 6 | 35 | 31 | 552 | 101 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3577 |
SY | 1642 | 14 | / | 33 | 518 | 4 | 21 | 40 | 51 | 40 | 9 | 15 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2404 |
YC | 1690 | 15 | 17 | / | 113 | 6 | 82 | 61 | 525 | 55 | 12 | 6 | 215 | 7 | 5 | 8 | 1 | 2818 |
XY | 1874 | 14 | 159 | 74 | / | 6 | 69 | 60 | 69 | 41 | 11 | 57 | 10 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 2453 |
EZ | 4391 | 709 | 4 | 10 | 15 | / | 6 | 40 | 31 | 401 | 36 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 5657 |
JM | 2423 | 12 | 18 | 135 | 182 | 6 | / | 139 | 349 | 45 | 13 | 18 | 22 | 11 | 22 | 86 | 0 | 3481 |
XG | 5056 | 15 | 11 | 27 | 48 | 9 | 35 | / | 56 | 101 | 19 | 53 | 6 | 21 | 2 | 25 | 0 | 5484 |
JZ | 2088 | 10 | 8 | 179 | 31 | 5 | 59 | 61 | / | 34 | 28 | 4 | 20 | 35 | 32 | 9 | 0 | 2603 |
HG | 3418 | 112 | 7 | 15 | 16 | 40 | 6 | 59 | 35 | / | 16 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3737 |
XN | 3461 | 98 | 6 | 17 | 19 | 17 | 8 | 56 | 102 | 71 | / | 4 | 6 | 6 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 3875 |
SZ | 2843 | 13 | 25 | 23 | 266 | 8 | 31 | 372 | 51 | 52 | 13 | / | 6 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 3711 |
ES | 1108 | 12 | 7 | 207 | 23 | 5 | 17 | 23 | 110 | 31 | 10 | 2 | / | 5 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 1566 |
XT | 3144 | 11 | 8 | 35 | 25 | 5 | 25 | 260 | 431 | 42 | 18 | 4 | 13 | / | 49 | 106 | 0 | 4176 |
QJ | 2080 | 10 | 10 | 50 | 24 | 4 | 115 | 97 | 933 | 44 | 11 | 4 | 14 | 120 | / | 49 | 0 | 3565 |
TM | 1980 | 8 | 10 | 36 | 31 | 4 | 195 | 261 | 146 | 31 | 10 | 5 | 10 | 102 | 21 | / | 0 | 2850 |
SN | 1513 | 8 | 194 | 889 | 449 | 3 | 34 | 50 | 110 | 10 | 6 | 7 | 179 | 6 | 5 | 4 | / | 3467 |
sum | 41,200 | 1158 | 519 | 1809 | 1882 | 528 | 761 | 2143 | 3269 | 2194 | 446 | 229 | 564 | 362 | 157 | 328 | 2 | 57,551 |
Name | R2 | Adjusted R2 | AICc | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Max | Min | Median | Mean | Max | Min | Median | Mean | Max | Min | Median | Mean | |
OLS | 0.596 | 0.588 | 0.592 | 0.592 | 0.595 | 0.587 | 0.591 | 0.592 | 6448.611 | 6387.235 | 6417.994 | 6413.252 |
GTWR | 0.966 | 0.954 | 0.963 | 0.962 | 0.966 | 0.954 | 0.963 | 0.962 | 45,206.100 | 44,229.000 | 44,487.700 | 44,603.466 |
MGWR | 0.920 | 0.681 | 0.793 | 0.804 | 0.916 | 0.671 | 0.781 | 0.795 | 5788.579 | 1384.443 | 4536.313 | 3986.196 |
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Liu, Y.; He, Z.; Zhou, X. Space-Time Variation and Spatial Differentiation of COVID-19 Confirmed Cases in Hubei Province Based on Extended GWR. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2020, 9, 536. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9090536
Liu Y, He Z, Zhou X. Space-Time Variation and Spatial Differentiation of COVID-19 Confirmed Cases in Hubei Province Based on Extended GWR. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2020; 9(9):536. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9090536
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Yanwen, Zongyi He, and Xia Zhou. 2020. "Space-Time Variation and Spatial Differentiation of COVID-19 Confirmed Cases in Hubei Province Based on Extended GWR" ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 9: 536. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9090536