All-Trans Retinoic Acid Attenuates Fibrotic Processes by Downregulating TGF-β1/Smad3 in Early Diabetic Nephropathy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents
2.2. Animals
2.3. Experimental Diabetic Nephropathy
2.4. Experimental Design
2.5. Measurement of Renal Function and Biochemical Markers
2.6. Histopathology of the Kidney
2.7. Isolation of Glomeruli
2.8. Isolation of Proximal Tubules
2.9. Western Blot Analysis
2.10. Immunohistochemistry Analyses
2.11. Immunoprecipitation (IP)
2.12. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. ATRA Preserves Renal Function of Rats with Early DN
3.2. The effect of ATRA on Pathological Lesion of Early DN
3.3. ATRA Treatment Prevents Renal Accumulation of Macrophages into Glomerular and Tubule-Interstitial Areas during Initiation of DN
3.4. ATRA Treatment Decreases Profibrotic Processes during Early DN
3.5. ATRA Treatment Prevents Diabetic-Induced Changes associated to the Expression of Markers of ECM Accumulation
3.6. ATRA Treatment Ameliorates Fibrogenesis by Suppressing TGF-β1/Smad3 Signaling Pathway in Glomeruli from Diabetic Rats
3.7. ATRA Treatment Attenuates Diabetes-induced Activity of TGF-β1/Smad3 Signaling in Proximal Tubule
3.8. ATRA Inhibits Diabetes-Induced Phosphorylation and Loss of RAR-α Expression by JNK.
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sierra-Mondragon, E.; Rodríguez-Muñoz, R.; Namorado-Tonix, C.; Molina-Jijon, E.; Romero-Trejo, D.; Pedraza-Chaverri, J.; Reyes, J.L. All-Trans Retinoic Acid Attenuates Fibrotic Processes by Downregulating TGF-β1/Smad3 in Early Diabetic Nephropathy. Biomolecules 2019, 9, 525. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9100525
Sierra-Mondragon E, Rodríguez-Muñoz R, Namorado-Tonix C, Molina-Jijon E, Romero-Trejo D, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Reyes JL. All-Trans Retinoic Acid Attenuates Fibrotic Processes by Downregulating TGF-β1/Smad3 in Early Diabetic Nephropathy. Biomolecules. 2019; 9(10):525. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9100525
Chicago/Turabian StyleSierra-Mondragon, Edith, Rafael Rodríguez-Muñoz, Carmen Namorado-Tonix, Eduardo Molina-Jijon, Daniel Romero-Trejo, Jose Pedraza-Chaverri, and Jose L. Reyes. 2019. "All-Trans Retinoic Acid Attenuates Fibrotic Processes by Downregulating TGF-β1/Smad3 in Early Diabetic Nephropathy" Biomolecules 9, no. 10: 525. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9100525