Age-Specific Excretion of Calcium, Oxalate, Citrate, and Glycosaminoglycans and Their Ratios in Healthy Children and Children with Urolithiasis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Urine Sampling and Analysis
2.2. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total No. of Children | Healthy Children (n = 25) | Children with Urolithiasis (n = 61) | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Healthy Children (YC) (n = 13) M:F = 5:8 | YC Children with Urolithiasis (n = 31), M:F = 18:13 31 Single Stone Occurrence, 0 Recurrent Family History Positive (11 Total, 35.4%) | |||
Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | ||
Age (months) | 66.23 (39.07) | 80.00 (40.00 to 90.00) | 75.71 (31.64) | 84.00 (58.00 to 103.00) | 0.3679 |
Ca (mmol/mmol cr) | 0.57 (0.74) | 0.20 (0.19 to 0.56) | 0.66 (0.40) | 0.60 (0.34 to 0.99) | 0.0421 |
Ox (mmol/mol cr) | 111.58 (84.02) | 79.21 (64.40 to 122.20) | 72.44 (49.07) | 62.63 (43.00 to 84.74) | 0.0971 |
Cit (mmol/mol cr) | 438.49 (279.36) | 368.10 (337.00 to 408.80) | 391.36 (232.55) | 380.42 (219.00 to 507.20) | 0.7674 |
GAG (mg/mmol cr) | 5.40 (3.60) | 4.25 (3.93 to 5.40) | 4.80 (3.78) | 3.54 (2.15 to 6.20) | 0.3347 |
Ca/Cit | 1.06 (0.87) | 0.84 (0.94 to 1.39) | 4.54 (12.18) | 1.60 (0.97 to 3.27) | 0.0140 |
Ox/GAG | 25.63 (22.36) | 18.64 (14.21 to 22.95) | 22.35 (15.09) | 22.20 (10.13 to 39.76) | 0.8672 |
Ox/Cit | 0.26 (0.14) | 0.22 (0.19 to 0.34) | 0.39 (0.73) | 0.18 (0.11 to 0.29) | 0.2418 |
Ox/(Cit × GAG) | 0.06 (0.05) | 0.05 (0.04 to 0.07) | 0.16 (0.50) | 0.05 (0.03 to 0.10) | 0.9692 |
Cit/GAG | 109.93 (99.32) | 85.18 (56.08 to 95.34) | 127.62 (120.39) | 84.66 (47.10 to 160.47) | 0.8269 |
Cr (mmol/day) | 3.30 (1.80) | 3.86 (1.56 to 4.96) | 4.31 (2.42) | 3.90 (3.10 to 5.02) | 0.2687 |
Total No. of Children | Healthy Children (n = 25) | Children with Urolithiasis (n = 61) | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Healthy Children (OC) (n = 12) M:F = 6:6 | OC Children with Urolithiasis (n = 30), M:F = 22:8 28 Single Stone Occurrence, 2 Recurrent Family History Positive (11 Total, 36.67%) | |||
Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) | ||
Age (months) | 142.67 (26.31) | 134.50 (122.50 to 157.00) | 157.13 (25.49) | 158.50 (133.00 to 176.00) | 0.0818 |
Ca (mmol/mmol cr) | 0.34 (0.17) | 0.36 (0.19 to 0.49) | 0.46 (0.47) | 0.33 (0.25 to 0.59) | 0.6065 |
Ox (mmol/mol cr) | 44.94 (21.60) | 44.15 (27.15 to 56.32) | 67.52 (43.91) | 53.54 (34.81 to 86.74) | 0.1157 |
Cit (mmol/mol cr) | 363.89 (152.65) | 361.71 (276.74 to 414.08) | 261.59 (184.41) | 239.61 (126.89 to 321.12) | 0.0154 |
GAG (mg/mmol cr) | 3.66 (2.38) | 3.54 (1.51 to 4.82) | 2.42 (1.93) | 1.78 (1.24 to 3.00) | 0.0794 |
Ca/Cit | 1.06 (0.77) | 0.85 (0.54 to 1.41) | 2.26 (2.01) | 1.50 (1.10 to 2.63) | 0.0113 |
Ox/GAG | 22.23 (35.33) | 10.46 (7.00 to 31.34) | 39.47 (37.50) | 27.74 (16.09 to 44.07) | 0.0278 |
Ox/Cit | 0.14 (0.09) | 0.11 (0.09 to 0.18) | 0.39 (0.46) | 0.25 (0.14 to 0.46) | 0.0113 |
Ox/(Cit × GAG) | 0.08 (0.09) | 0.02 (0.02 to 0.14) | 0.24 (0.29) | 0.11 (0.05 to 0.30) | 0.0058 |
Cit/GAG | 136.61 (89.87) | 98.55 (82.35 to 191.29) | 152.32 (110.21) | 133.04 (66.36 to 209.49) | 0.8237 |
Cr (mmol/day) | 8.10 (3.28) | 7.85 (5.96 to 10.60) | 8.14 (4.30) | 7.27 (5.56 to 10.30) | 0.8021 |
Healthy YC Children (n = 13) vs. YC with Urolithiasis (n = 31) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Cut-off value | AUC | Sensitivity | Specificity | p-value |
Ca/Cit | >0.84 | 0.737 (0.571 to 0.903) | 83.87 | 53.85 | 0.0050 |
Healthy OC Children (n = 12) vs. OC with Urolithiasis (n = 30) | |||||
Variables | Cut-off value | AUC | Sensitivity | Specificity | p-value |
Cit (mmol/mol cr) | ≤327.87 | 0.742 (0.578 to 0.906) | 80.00 | 66.67 | 0.0039 |
Ca/Cit | >1.02 | 0.753 (0.585 to 0.921) | 76.67 | 66.67 | 0.0032 |
Ox/GAG | >11.24 | 0.719 (0.515 to 0.924) | 86.67 | 66.67 | 0.0355 |
Ox/Citrate | >0.12 | 0.753 (0.601 to 0.904) | 80.00 | 75.00 | 0.0011 |
Ox/(Cit × GAG) | >0.03 | 0.775 (0.600 to 0.950) | 93.33 | 58.33 | 0.0021 |
Class | J48 Classification | |
---|---|---|
Healthy children (n = 12) | Healthy children (n = 9) | Urolithiasis (n = 3) |
Urolithiasis (n = 30) | Healthy children (n = 1) | Urolithiasis (n = 29) |
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Turudic, D.; Golubic, A.T.; Lovric, M.; Bilic, M.; Milosevic, D. Age-Specific Excretion of Calcium, Oxalate, Citrate, and Glycosaminoglycans and Their Ratios in Healthy Children and Children with Urolithiasis. Biomolecules 2021, 11, 758. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11050758
Turudic D, Golubic AT, Lovric M, Bilic M, Milosevic D. Age-Specific Excretion of Calcium, Oxalate, Citrate, and Glycosaminoglycans and Their Ratios in Healthy Children and Children with Urolithiasis. Biomolecules. 2021; 11(5):758. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11050758
Chicago/Turabian StyleTurudic, Daniel, Anja Tea Golubic, Mila Lovric, Marko Bilic, and Danko Milosevic. 2021. "Age-Specific Excretion of Calcium, Oxalate, Citrate, and Glycosaminoglycans and Their Ratios in Healthy Children and Children with Urolithiasis" Biomolecules 11, no. 5: 758. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11050758