The Physiological and Pathological Role of Tissue Nonspecific Alkaline Phosphatase beyond Mineralization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. ALP Isoforms
2.1. Liver/Bone/Kidney Alkaline Phosphatase
2.2. Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase
2.3. Placental Alkaline Phosphatase
2.4. Germ Cell Alkaline Phosphatase
3. TNAP
3.1. Gene Structure
3.2. Protein Structure
3.3. Mechanism of Mineralization-Promotion and Inhibition
3.4. Hypophosphatasia-Physiological Substrates of TNAP
3.5. Role of TNAP as An Anti-Inflammatory Enzyme
3.6. Role of TNAP in Central Nervous System
3.7. Hepatic Role of TNAP
3.8. Renal Role of TNAP
3.9. TNAP in Vascular Calcification
4. Pharmacological Inhibition of TNAP Needs Careful Consideration
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sekaran, S.; Vimalraj, S.; Thangavelu, L. The Physiological and Pathological Role of Tissue Nonspecific Alkaline Phosphatase beyond Mineralization. Biomolecules 2021, 11, 1564. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11111564
Sekaran S, Vimalraj S, Thangavelu L. The Physiological and Pathological Role of Tissue Nonspecific Alkaline Phosphatase beyond Mineralization. Biomolecules. 2021; 11(11):1564. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11111564
Chicago/Turabian StyleSekaran, Saravanan, Selvaraj Vimalraj, and Lakshmi Thangavelu. 2021. "The Physiological and Pathological Role of Tissue Nonspecific Alkaline Phosphatase beyond Mineralization" Biomolecules 11, no. 11: 1564. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11111564