Defining Blood Plasma and Serum Metabolome by GC-MS
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Serum and Plasma Metabolome as a “Snapshot” of a Human Biochemistry
3. How Many Blood Metabolites Are There?
4. Approaches of Metabolome Exploration
4.1. NMR
4.2. Tandem of Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry
5. Workflow of GC-MS Analysis of Blood Metabolome
5.1. Sample Preparation
5.1.1. Quenching
5.1.2. Protein Cleanup
5.1.3. Extraction
5.1.4. Derivatization
5.2. Gas Chromatography
5.2.1. Injection
5.2.2. Thermal Conditions
5.2.3. Solid and Liquid Stationary Phases
5.2.4. Retention Times and Indices
5.2.5. Multidimensional Chromatography
5.3. Mass Spectrometry
5.3.1. Ionization
5.3.2. Mass Analyzers
5.4. Data Processing
6. Current Challenges and Prospects in Measuring Metabolites
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Technique | Major Strengths | Major Limitations | Major Detectable Compounds |
---|---|---|---|
GC-MS | Efficient and reproducible chromatography separation Comprehensive mass spectral libraries | Labor-intensive, time-consuming and varying sample preparation procedure Complicated identification of unknown compounds | Volatile and thermo-stable compound Carbohydrates Esters Sterols Steroids Eicosanoids Fatty acids Aminoacids Organic acids Nucleotides and nucleosides Lipids Non-volatile and thermo-labile compounds |
LC-MS | Broad range of compounds (including polar, bulky, and thermo-labile metabolites) can be analyzed without derivatization High throughput | Possibility of ion aberrations resulting from a sample matrix Lack of spectral libraries for identification of metabolites | |
NMR | Non-destructive analysis High reproducibility Simple or even absent sample preparation | Low sensitivity Relatively high sample volume High cost of apparatus | Carbohydrates Amines Aminoacids and organic acids Bulky molecules |
Mass Analyzer | Resolution | Mass Range (Da) | Acquisition Speed | Major Benefits | Major Limitations |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quadrupole | ~1000 | 50–6000 | Medium | Highly selective Well suited for pairing with GC Relatively cheap Compact | Low resolution Narrow mass range |
Ion trap | ~1000 | 50–4000 | Medium | Compact Relatively cheap Highly sensitive | Narrow dynamic range Limited resolution Requires pulsed introduction to MS |
FT-ICR | over 1,000,000 | 10–10,000 | Slow | High sensitivity High reproducibility High resolving power Wide dynamic range | Expensive and bulky Slow scanning Specific coupling with chromatography systems |
Orbitrap | up to 240,000 | 40–4000 | Slow | High resolution Compact and elegant solution | Narrow mass range |
TOF | up to 60,000 | 20–500,000 | Fast | Highly sensitive Wide mass range Fast scanning Well suited for pairing with GC | Requires pulsed introduction to MS Requires fast solutions for data acquisition |
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Kiseleva, O.; Kurbatov, I.; Ilgisonis, E.; Poverennaya, E. Defining Blood Plasma and Serum Metabolome by GC-MS. Metabolites 2022, 12, 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12010015
Kiseleva O, Kurbatov I, Ilgisonis E, Poverennaya E. Defining Blood Plasma and Serum Metabolome by GC-MS. Metabolites. 2022; 12(1):15. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12010015
Chicago/Turabian StyleKiseleva, Olga, Ilya Kurbatov, Ekaterina Ilgisonis, and Ekaterina Poverennaya. 2022. "Defining Blood Plasma and Serum Metabolome by GC-MS" Metabolites 12, no. 1: 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12010015