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Volume 14
Issue 21
10.3390/electronics14214141
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Article

Optimal Dispatch and Energy Management of Hybrid Microgrids: A Case Study of an Urban Community

by
Mohamed Hussein
1,
Abdallah Mohamed
1,
Ahmed F. Bendary
1,
Helmy El Zoghby
1,
Heba Hassan
2,
Matti Lehtonen
3,4,*,
Mohamed M. F. Darwish
5,* and
Ramy S. A. Afia
1,*
1
Department of Electrical Power & Machines Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, Helwan, Cairo 11792, Egypt
2
Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
3
Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, 2150 Espoo, Finland
4
Department of Engineering Sciences in the Electrical Field, Constanta Maritime University, 900663 Constanta, Romania
5
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra, Benha University, Cairo 11629, Egypt
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Electronics 2025, 14(21), 4141; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14214141
Submission received: 14 September 2025 / Revised: 17 October 2025 / Accepted: 20 October 2025 / Published: 22 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Grid Technologies and Energy Conversion Systems)
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Abstract

Energy is a vital component of life today, and providing reliable power access remains a significant global challenge, particularly in remote areas. In Egypt, several isolated regions, including parts of South Sinai, suffer from limited electricity access. This study presents an enhanced environmental and techno-economic modeling of an off-grid hybrid renewable energy microgrid (HREM) tailored for such regions. A proposed configuration combining photovoltaic (PV) panels, wind turbines (WTs), a converter (CONV), and battery energy storage is evaluated to meet the residential energy demand of an isolated community in South Sinai. Four feasible system models, PV/CONV/BAT, WT/CONV/BAT, PV/WT/CONV/BAT, and a standalone diesel generator, were simulated using hybrid optimization of multiple energy resources. The cost of energy was analyzed under different scenarios. The results show that the combination of a 1109 kW PV system, 16 × 25 kW WTs, 439 kW converter, and 353 batteries is the best configuration that leads to the lowest values of Net Present Cost (NPC) and Levelized Cost of Energy (COE), and zero unmet load, making it the most economically and environmentally viable configuration.
Keywords: microgrids; NPC; COE; energy management; sensitivity analysis microgrids; NPC; COE; energy management; sensitivity analysis

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MDPI and ACS Style

Hussein, M.; Mohamed, A.; Bendary, A.F.; El Zoghby, H.; Hassan, H.; Lehtonen, M.; Darwish, M.M.F.; Afia, R.S.A. Optimal Dispatch and Energy Management of Hybrid Microgrids: A Case Study of an Urban Community. Electronics 2025, 14, 4141. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14214141

AMA Style

Hussein M, Mohamed A, Bendary AF, El Zoghby H, Hassan H, Lehtonen M, Darwish MMF, Afia RSA. Optimal Dispatch and Energy Management of Hybrid Microgrids: A Case Study of an Urban Community. Electronics. 2025; 14(21):4141. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14214141

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hussein, Mohamed, Abdallah Mohamed, Ahmed F. Bendary, Helmy El Zoghby, Heba Hassan, Matti Lehtonen, Mohamed M. F. Darwish, and Ramy S. A. Afia. 2025. "Optimal Dispatch and Energy Management of Hybrid Microgrids: A Case Study of an Urban Community" Electronics 14, no. 21: 4141. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14214141

APA Style

Hussein, M., Mohamed, A., Bendary, A. F., El Zoghby, H., Hassan, H., Lehtonen, M., Darwish, M. M. F., & Afia, R. S. A. (2025). Optimal Dispatch and Energy Management of Hybrid Microgrids: A Case Study of an Urban Community. Electronics, 14(21), 4141. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14214141

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