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Volume 14
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10.3390/electronics14101952
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Trust by Design: An Ethical Framework for Collaborative Intelligence Systems in Industry 5.0

by
Emmanuel A. Merchán-Cruz
1,*,
Ioseb Gabelaia
2,
Mihails Savrasovs
1,
Mark F. Hansen
3,
Shwe Soe
3,
Ricardo G. Rodriguez-Cañizo
4 and
Gerardo Aragón-Camarasa
5
1
Engineering Faculty, Transport and Telecommunication Institute, Lauvas Iela 2, LV-1019 Riga, Latvia
2
School of Business, Graceland University, Lamoni Campus, 1 University Pl, Lamoni, IA 50140, USA
3
Bristol Robotics Laboratory, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
4
Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica—Unidad Azcapotzalco, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. de las Granjas 682, Mexico City, C.P. 02550, Mexico
5
School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, 18 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Electronics 2025, 14(10), 1952; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14101952 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 15 April 2025 / Revised: 30 April 2025 / Accepted: 8 May 2025 / Published: 11 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Collaborative Intelligence in the Era of Industry 5.0)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Industry 5.0 highlights human-centricity, sustainability, and resilience. This article presents a novel Trust by Design framework applicable to collaborative intelligence systems within Industry 5.0, addressing the need for collaborative systems to be reliable by design, incorporating ethical principles such as transparency, accountability, fairness, and privacy throughout the entire system lifecycle. The framework is grounded in select ethical philosophies applied to practical design requirements for human-AI collaboration, identifying key ethical challenges that threaten to damage trust and restrict the adoption of collaborative systems. The authors employ a qualitative, literature-driven method, conceptual modeling, and scenario-based case study analysis, synthesizing best practices and ethical policies from the EU AI Act, GDPR, and more. Trust by Design suggests a structured set of principles and implementation measures to embed ethics into every phase of the system’s lifecycle. The applicability and suitability of the framework are demonstrated through representative real-world application scenarios across industries. The results indicate that trust in collaborative intelligence systems is not static but dynamic, context-dependent, and controlled by transparency, fairness, and user experience. The framework includes instruments and methods to measure ethical performance, including trust metrics, override rates, fairness indicators, and incident tracking.
Keywords: human-centric AI; AI governance; human–robot collaboration; ethical framework; responsible AI human-centric AI; AI governance; human–robot collaboration; ethical framework; responsible AI

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Merchán-Cruz, E.A.; Gabelaia, I.; Savrasovs, M.; Hansen, M.F.; Soe, S.; Rodriguez-Cañizo, R.G.; Aragón-Camarasa, G. Trust by Design: An Ethical Framework for Collaborative Intelligence Systems in Industry 5.0. Electronics 2025, 14, 1952. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14101952

AMA Style

Merchán-Cruz EA, Gabelaia I, Savrasovs M, Hansen MF, Soe S, Rodriguez-Cañizo RG, Aragón-Camarasa G. Trust by Design: An Ethical Framework for Collaborative Intelligence Systems in Industry 5.0. Electronics. 2025; 14(10):1952. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14101952

Chicago/Turabian Style

Merchán-Cruz, Emmanuel A., Ioseb Gabelaia, Mihails Savrasovs, Mark F. Hansen, Shwe Soe, Ricardo G. Rodriguez-Cañizo, and Gerardo Aragón-Camarasa. 2025. "Trust by Design: An Ethical Framework for Collaborative Intelligence Systems in Industry 5.0" Electronics 14, no. 10: 1952. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14101952

APA Style

Merchán-Cruz, E. A., Gabelaia, I., Savrasovs, M., Hansen, M. F., Soe, S., Rodriguez-Cañizo, R. G., & Aragón-Camarasa, G. (2025). Trust by Design: An Ethical Framework for Collaborative Intelligence Systems in Industry 5.0. Electronics, 14(10), 1952. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14101952

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