Assessments of Facial Muscle Thickness by Ultrasound in Younger Adults: Absolute and Relative Reliability

Abe, Takashi; Spitz, Robert W.; Wong, Vickie; Viana, Ricardo B.; Yamada, Yujiro; Bell, Zachary W.; Chatakondi, Raksha N.; Loenneke, Jeremy P.

doi:10.3390/cosmetics6040065

Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Edit a Special Issue

Article Menu

...

Open AccessArticle

Assessments of Facial Muscle Thickness by Ultrasound in Younger Adults: Absolute and Relative Reliability

^1,*,

¹,

¹,

^1,2

¹,

¹,

¹ and

Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA

Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Cosmetics 2019, 6(4), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics6040065

Received: 8 October 2019 / Revised: 23 October 2019 / Accepted: 6 November 2019 / Published: 7 November 2019

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise-induced Facial Rejuvenation and Orofacial Strength and Function)

View Full-Text Download PDF

Browse Figure

Citation Export

Abstract

The absolute reliability (i.e., standard error of measurement and minimal difference) of a measurement is important to consider when assessing training effects. However, the absolute reliability for ultrasound measured facial muscle thickness had not been investigated. In order to examine the absolute and relative reliability of measuring facial muscles, 98 healthy, young, and middle-aged adults (18–40 years) had ultrasound measurements taken twice, separated by an average of three days. Six facial muscles were selected to determine the reliability of facial muscle thickness. The relative reliability (ICC_3,1) ranged from 0.425 for the orbicularis oris (inferior) to 0.943 for the frontalis muscle. The absolute reliability (minimal difference) ranged from 0.25 mm for the orbicularis oculi to 1.82 mm for the masseter. The percentage minimal difference was 22%, 25%, 26%, 29%, 21%, and 10% for the frontalis, orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris (superior), orbicularis oris (inferior), depressor anguli oris, and masseter, respectively. Our results indicated that the relative reliability was similar to that observed previously. The absolute reliability indicated that the measurement error associated with measuring muscle thickness of the face may be greater than that of the trunk/limb muscles. This may be related to the difficulty of accurately determining the borders of each muscle. View Full-Text

Keywords: reproducibility; facial muscle thickness; ultrasonography

▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Abe, T.; Spitz, R.W.; Wong, V.; Viana, R.B.; Yamada, Y.; Bell, Z.W.; Chatakondi, R.N.; Loenneke, J.P. Assessments of Facial Muscle Thickness by Ultrasound in Younger Adults: Absolute and Relative Reliability. Cosmetics 2019, 6, 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics6040065

AMA Style

Abe T, Spitz RW, Wong V, Viana RB, Yamada Y, Bell ZW, Chatakondi RN, Loenneke JP. Assessments of Facial Muscle Thickness by Ultrasound in Younger Adults: Absolute and Relative Reliability. Cosmetics. 2019; 6(4):65. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics6040065

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abe, Takashi, Robert W. Spitz, Vickie Wong, Ricardo B. Viana, Yujiro Yamada, Zachary W. Bell, Raksha N. Chatakondi, and Jeremy P. Loenneke. 2019. "Assessments of Facial Muscle Thickness by Ultrasound in Younger Adults: Absolute and Relative Reliability" Cosmetics 6, no. 4: 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics6040065

Find Other Styles

Note that from the first issue of 2016, MDPI journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Abstract views Pdf views Html views

Article Menu

Assessments of Facial Muscle Thickness by Ultrasound in Younger Adults: Absolute and Relative Reliability

Abstract

Share and Cite

Article Metrics

Article Access Statistics

Article Access Map by Country/Region

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI