Assessments of Facial Muscle Thickness by Ultrasound in Younger Adults: Absolute and Relative Reliability
by
Takashi Abe 1,*, Robert W. Spitz 1, Vickie Wong 1, Ricardo B. Viana 1,2
, Yujiro Yamada 1, Zachary W. Bell 1, Raksha N. Chatakondi 1 and Jeremy P. Loenneke 1
Takashi Abe 1,*, Robert W. Spitz 1, Vickie Wong 1, Ricardo B. Viana 1,2, Yujiro Yamada 1, Zachary W. Bell 1, Raksha N. Chatakondi 1 and Jeremy P. Loenneke 1
1
Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
2
Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Cosmetics 2019, 6(4), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics6040065
Received: 8 October 2019 / Revised: 23 October 2019 / Accepted: 6 November 2019 / Published: 7 November 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise-induced Facial Rejuvenation and Orofacial Strength and Function)
The absolute reliability (i.e., standard error of measurement and minimal difference) of a measurement is important to consider when assessing training effects. However, the absolute reliability for ultrasound measured facial muscle thickness had not been investigated. In order to examine the absolute and relative reliability of measuring facial muscles, 98 healthy, young, and middle-aged adults (18–40 years) had ultrasound measurements taken twice, separated by an average of three days. Six facial muscles were selected to determine the reliability of facial muscle thickness. The relative reliability (ICC3,1) ranged from 0.425 for the orbicularis oris (inferior) to 0.943 for the frontalis muscle. The absolute reliability (minimal difference) ranged from 0.25 mm for the orbicularis oculi to 1.82 mm for the masseter. The percentage minimal difference was 22%, 25%, 26%, 29%, 21%, and 10% for the frontalis, orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris (superior), orbicularis oris (inferior), depressor anguli oris, and masseter, respectively. Our results indicated that the relative reliability was similar to that observed previously. The absolute reliability indicated that the measurement error associated with measuring muscle thickness of the face may be greater than that of the trunk/limb muscles. This may be related to the difficulty of accurately determining the borders of each muscle.
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Keywords:
reproducibility; facial muscle thickness; ultrasonography
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MDPI and ACS Style
Abe, T.; Spitz, R.W.; Wong, V.; Viana, R.B.; Yamada, Y.; Bell, Z.W.; Chatakondi, R.N.; Loenneke, J.P. Assessments of Facial Muscle Thickness by Ultrasound in Younger Adults: Absolute and Relative Reliability. Cosmetics 2019, 6, 65.
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