Jaboticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora) Peel Extracts in Dermocosmetics: A Systematic Review Highlighting Antioxidant and Photoprotective Research Gaps

Abstract

This paper presents a literature review on the potential of jaboticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora) peel extracts for application in multifunctional dermocosmetic formulations, particularly as natural antioxidants and photoprotective agents. Utilizing the Methodi Ordinatio methodology, of a total of 1226, 90 scientific articles were selected from six major databases and analyzed through bibliometric mapping (VOSviewer) and qualitative data processing (MAXQDA). The results highlight research concentration in three key areas: (1) extraction methodologies for bioactive compounds, (2) identification and quantification techniques, and (3) biological activities (antioxidant and photoprotective effects). The most frequent compounds reported were anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-glucoside and delphinidin-3-glucoside), quercetin-derived flavonoids (rutin and myricetin), and phenolic acids (ellagic, gallic, and ferulic acids), which exhibit synergistic effects with conventional UV filters. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) using ethanol and emerging green solvents, like glycerol and deep eutectic solvents (DESs), was identified as an effective, sustainable alternative. Despite increasing evidence supporting the dermocosmetic potential of jaboticaba peel, studies remain scarce, with only one identified investigation using it in a topical formulation. This review provides a structured scientific foundation to encourage research aimed at developing multifunctional, eco-friendly, plant-based cosmetics aligned with the principles of the circular economy.

1. Introduction

Jaboticaba is a Brazilian fruit found in the central, southern, and southeastern regions of the country. It belongs to the Myrtaceae family, also known as Plinia, with the largest production in the states of Minas Gerais, Goiás, and São Paulo [1]. The fruit exhibits various species, emphasizing M. jaboticaba (Vell.) O. Berg and M. cauliflora (Mart.) O. Berg, both in terms of productivity and the number of published studies [2]. Among the research, Schulz et al. [3] performed a literature review on seven species of fruits and highlighted that jaboticaba fruits are sources of nutrients, including vitamins, minerals, dietary fibers, and substances with biological activities (anthocyanins, flavonoids, and tannins). They emphasized their biological properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative effects, with significant potential for economic exploitation in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. In the food industry, jaboticaba is used to produce beverages such as syrups, juices, and fermentations. To manufacture these products, the peels and seeds, which represent 40 to 50% of the fruit weight, are discarded [4]. Nevertheless, according to Sanches et al. [5], jaboticaba by-products are a source of bioactive compounds that can be obtained sustainably using a variety of technological routes. Neves et al. [6] analyzed the phenolic compound profile of the jaboticaba species Plinia trunciflora, P. cauliflora, P. jaboticaba, and P. phitrantha. A total of 28 phenolic compounds were identified, with emphasis on anthocyanins, cyanidin-3-glucoside, and delphinidin-3-glucoside, flavonols derived from quercetin and myricetin, and derivatives of ellagic acid and methyl ellagic acid. A similar phenolic profile was found in the species Plinia cauliflora in the studies where different extraction processes were evaluated [7,8].

The jaboticaba fruit peel has a high content of dietary fiber and anthocyanins, which indicates its potential use to enrich food products. Research in animal models has demonstrated the benefits of using the whole fruit and parts of the fruit on lipid and glycemic metabolism, with glucose regulation, weight control, and insulin resistance [9]. However, information is scarce regarding the application of extracts obtained from jaboticaba peel in cosmetic formulations. In this context, we pose the question: Is there potential for developing dermocosmetic formulations from jaboticaba peel extracts to protect skin tissue against damage induced by ultraviolet radiation (UVR)?

Thus, to learn about the use of bioactive compounds and extracts produced from jaboticaba peel in dermocosmetics with antioxidant and photoprotective activities, a systematic review of the specialized literature was carried out using the Methodi Ordinatio [10,11]. A bibliometric analysis was performed using VOSviewer software, followed by a qualitative analysis of the data from the selected articles with the aid of MAXQDA software, focusing on the methodologies used in the processes of extraction, separation, identification, and quantification of bioactive compounds, as well as analyses to evaluate biological efficacy, such as antioxidant, photoprotective, and antiaging activities.

2. Materials and Methods

This research was conducted from December 2024 to March 2025 and carried out in three steps: (i) development of a portfolio of scientific articles aligned with the research topic using the Methodi Ordinatio methodology; (ii) bibliometric analysis of the scientific articles using VOSviewer software (version 1.6.20); and (iii) extraction, systematic reading, and data analysis of the articles using MAXQDA software (version 24.2).

2.1. Applying the Methodi Ordinatio

This step involved the development of a portfolio of scientific articles following a nine-step protocol. During steps 1 to 4, six databases were selected—Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, SciELO, and ACS Databases—accessed through the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) journal portal, Brazil. The time frame was set for articles published from 2010 onwards. The Mendeley Reference Manager was used for step 5. During the screening procedures, duplicate articles and those unrelated to the topic were excluded after reviewing titles, abstracts, and keywords. To avoid selection bias, the step of defining inclusion/exclusion criteria for articles outside the research topic was carried out collectively by the authors and applied individually by two reviewers.

Step 6 was carried out using JabRef, version 5.11, JabRef e.V.: Sindelfingen, Germany, 2023, which identified the impact factor, year of publication, and number of citations retrieved from Google Scholar, highlighting the multicriteria nature of Methodi Ordinatio as an SLR methodology. In Step 7, the articles were ranked in the RankIn spreadsheet based on the index (InOrdinatio 2.0) obtained through Equation (1), which considers three variables: the number of citations, the impact factor (a journal metric), and the year of publication.

$$InOrdinathio 2.0=\{\left[\Delta \ast \left(IF\right)\right]-\left[\lambda \ast \left({\displaystyle \frac{Reserach Year-Pub Year}{Cited Half Life}}\right)\right]+\Omega \ast \left[{\displaystyle \frac{Ci}{\left(Research Year+1\right)-Pub Year}}\right]\}$$

(1)

Here, Δ is the value from 0 to 10 that the researcher attributes to the importance of the metrics in the study, IF is the impact factor (a journal metric), λ is the value from 0 to 10 that the researcher attributes to the importance of the portfolio age in the study, Research Year is the year in which the study is being conducted (2025), Pub Year is the year of publication of the article, Cited Half Life is the median value of the Cited Half-Life for JCR journals (7.6), Ω is the value from 0 to 10 that the researcher attributes to the importance of the average annual citation count of the publications, and Ci is the total number of citations found in Google Scholar.

Using the equity criterion for the variable weights, Δ, λ, and Ω were given values of 10. After completing Step 8 with the retrieval of full-text articles, Step 9 involved subjecting the portfolio articles to bibliometric analysis (quantitative) using VOSviewer software, as well as data and information extraction with MAXQDA software (qualitative).

2.2. Applying VOSviewer Software

VOSviewer is a tool for constructing and visualizing bibliometric maps derived from the scientific literature. It employs the VOS (Visualization of Similarities) methodology to define nodes and connections within a network, allowing for in-depth analysis of co-authorship, co-citation, and keyword relationships. The software is intuitive, user friendly, and freely available, with the added advantage of exporting processed data for use in other applications [12].

Based on the analysis of metadata extracted from the articles, a bibliometric analysis was conducted, including network mapping and analysis of keywords, leading authors, journals, institutions, and countries, along with the temporal evolution and research trends within the studied topic.

2.3. Applying MAXQDA Software

MAXQDA is applied to examine qualitative data and mixed methods, using tools capable of analyzing different types of data, such as texts, images, videos, and online data [13]. Using MAXQDA, information and data were extracted from the articles and organized into spreadsheets generated within the software. The MAXDictio tool was employed, following specific steps for coding: the dictionary function was used (which enables the creation of search items for category assignment); keywords were used to scan and identify relevant search items.

The auto-coding command using the dictionary was executed. This function creates a coding system for each dictionary category and assigns newly created codes to the words identified within each category. The information generated was useful for understanding the relationships between the themes addressed in the articles.

Next, the data (article, material analyzed, extraction process, photoprotective efficacy method, antioxidant activity method, and methods for identifying bioactive compounds) were summarized in Excel spreadsheets.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Portfolio Developed Using the Methodi Ordinatio

The combination of keywords and Boolean operators used is described in

Table 1. Combination of keywords and Boolean operators used across the six databases searched.

Keyword Combinations		Science Direct	Scopus	PubMed	Web of Science	SciELO	ACS Databases	Total
		*TAK	*TAK	All Fields	Topic	All Indexes	**TA
1	(Jaboticaba skin OR Jaboticaba peel)	56	124	56	116	17	33	402
2	(Jaboticaba skin OR Jaboticaba peel) AND Antioxidant activity	45	43	27	46	2	28	191
3	(Jaboticaba skin OR Jaboticaba peel) AND anti-inflammatory	4	8	6	14	1	22	55
4	(Jaboticaba skin OR Jaboticaba peel) AND (Sun Protector Factor OR sunscreen)	1	1	0	0	0	0	2
5	(Jaboticaba skin OR Jaboticaba peel) AND (SPF in vitro OR sunscreen)	1	1	0	6	0	4	12
6	(Jaboticaba skin OR Jaboticaba peel) AND ultraviolet protection	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
7	(Jaboticaba skin OR Jaboticaba peel) AND Antioxidant activity AND (SPF in vitro OR sunscreen)	1	1	21	6	0	4	33
8	(Jaboticaba skin OR Jaboticaba peel) AND cosmetics	0	0	1	2	0	1	4
9	(Jaboticaba skin OR Jaboticaba peel) AND topic formulation	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
10	(Jaboticaba skin OR Jaboticaba peel) AND Photoprotector Effic *	8	0	0	0	0	0	8
11	Plinia peruviana AND Antioxidant activity	2	7	5	5	0	1	20
12	Plinia cauliflora AND Antioxidant activity	7	25	13	29	2	5	81
13	Plinia trunciflora AND Antioxidant activity	2	6	6	7	0	1	22
14	Myrciaria cauliflora AND Antioxidant activity	15	45	23	81	2	31	197
15	Plinia peruviana AND (Sun Protect * Factor OR sunscreen)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
16	Plinia cauliflora AND (Sun Protect * Factor OR sunscreen)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
17	Plinia trunciflora AND (Sun Protect * Factor OR sunscreen)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
18	Myrciaria cauliflora AND (Sun Protect * Factor OR sunscreen)	0	0	0	0	0	7	7
19	(Bioactive compounds OR Phytocompounds) AND Antioxidant activity AND (Sun Protection Factor OR sunscreen OR SPF in vitro)	22	49	71	38	0	12	192
Total by database		164	310	229	350	24	149	1.226

Abbreviations of search engines in databases: *TAK (title, abstract, keywords); **TA (title, abstract).

, which also presents the number of articles found in each of the six databases for each keyword combination.

The final search and filtering process across the six databases is summarized in

Table 2. Filtering procedure performed in Mendeley Reference Manager.

	Number of Articles
Total number of articles in the databases	1226
Duplicate articles	764
Articles outside the scope	372
Articles excluded	1136
Total number of articles in the portfolio	90

, resulting in a total of 1226 retrieved articles. After the removal of duplicates (764) and exclusion of studies that did not meet the eligibility criteria based on title, keywords, and abstract (372), a final portfolio of 90 articles was selected. These were classified into original research articles (n = 76) and literature reviews (n = 14) and ranked using the InOrdinatio index, as detailed in Appendix A.

3.2. Main Research Areas

A bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer software allowed for the identification of thematic groups and trends of co-occurrence of keywords within the portfolio. Terms with at least four occurrences are presented in Figure 1, while Figure 2a,b illustrate the relationships between the terms and the dominant research areas over time.

The term “antioxidant activity” is the most frequently occurring (49) and is located at a central position in Figure 2a, showing a strong correlation with terms from all three groups. This biological activity is prominently addressed in most of the articles in the portfolio. In the blue group, considering “phenolic compounds” and “polyphenols” as synonyms, the second most frequent term (43) was identified, which also shows a significant correlation with the term “sun protection factor”.

In the green group, antioxidant activity is associated with bioactive compounds of the anthocyanin class, the most common term in the group (22). In the red group, antioxidant activity correlates with the terms “ultraviolet radiation”, “sunscreen”, “SPF” (sun protection factor), “photoprotection”, and “oxidative stress”, highlighting its importance in preventing and repairing damage caused by UV radiation to the skin. The flavonoid class shows the strongest correlation with research in photoprotective formulations because of its structural features.

For Oliveira et al. [14], the extract from the bark of Hymenaea martiana presented high levels of total flavonoids and total phenolic compounds, including myricetin, kaempferol, and quercetin. The incorporation of the extract into the chemical filter increased the antioxidant activity and SPF of the formulations, suggesting a synergistic effect on photoprotection.

Chaira et al. [15] studied the aerial part of the species Cytisus purgans subsp. balansae (Boiss.), where they identified four isoflavones (genistein, biochanin, isoprunetin, and daidzein), one flavone (chrysin), and one flavonol (quercetin). The extracts rich in polyphenols and flavonoids showed potent antioxidant activity and effective sun protection.

Figure 2b indicates a trend in research investigating the importance of enzyme activity and the prevention of damage caused by UV radiation, as demonstrated by the more recent relationships between the terms “tyrosinase”, “sun protection factor”, and “antioxidant activity”. According to the VOSviewer manual Eck & Waltman [12], the distance between terms represents their relationship within the studies analyzed by the software. The positioning of terms related to research on photoprotective formulations reveals a gap in studies investigating the use of extracts derived from jaboticaba peel in this type of formulation.

3.3. Authors, Countries, Journals, and Institutions

In addition to the keyword co-occurrence mapping, a bibliometric assessment was conducted to identify the most influential contributors to research on jaboticaba peel extracts.

Table 3. Top 10 authors, countries, journals, and institutions.

Ranking	Authors	Documents	Citations
1	Baby, A.R.	7	277
2	Oliveira, C.A.	6	253
3	Velasco, M.V.R.	5	222
4	Marostica Junior, M.R.	3	222
5	Rosado, C.	5	198
6	Peres, D.D.	3	170
7	Ruiz, A.L.T.G.	2	166
8	Meireles, M.A.A.	2	130
9	Santos, D.T.	2	130
10	Veggi, P.C.	2	130
Ranking	Countries	documents	citations
1	Brazil	53	1297
2	Spain	14	330
3	Portugal	10	262
4	Algeria	6	55
5	Italy	4	80
6	Peoples R. China	3	112
7	South Korea	3	31
8	India	3	5
9	USA	2	86
10	Colombia	2	42
Ranking	Journals	documents	citations
1	Food Research International	7	432
2	Molecules	7	34
3	Natural Product Research	4	19
4	Food Chemistry	3	120
5	Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B-Biology	3	119
6	Marine Drugs	3	66
7	Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology	3	30
8	Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy	3	24
9	International Journal of Cosmetic Science	2	86
10	Plants-Basel	2	21
Ranking	Institutions	documents	citations
1	University of Campinas, UNICAMP (Brazil)	15	182
2	University of São Paulo, USP (Brazil)	8	93
3	Federal University of Santa Maria, UFSM (Brazil)	6	72
4	Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC (Brazil)	5	11
5	Lusofona University, UL (Portugal)	4	75
6	Maringa State University, UEM (Brazil)	3	88
7	Federal University of Juiz De Fora, UFJF (Brazil)	3	364
8	Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG (Brazil)	3	29
9	Federal University of Rio De Janeiro, UFRJ (Brazil)	3	13
10	University of Castilla-La Mancha, UCLM (Spain)	3	3

summarizes the top authors, countries, journals, and institutions based on the number of publications and citations in the portfolio of 90 selected studies.

The most prolific authors were Baby A. R. (7 articles), Oliveira C. A. (6 articles), Velasco M. V. R. (5 articles), and Rosado C. (5 articles), indicating a consolidated research core focused on dermocosmetic applications. Brazil dominated the geographic distribution of publications, contributing 53 articles, followed by Spain (14) and Portugal (10), which highlights Latin America’s central role in advancing studies on native fruit-based ingredients. Among the scientific journals, Food Research International and Molecules led in publication volume, followed by Natural Product Research. These journals are prominent in the fields of food chemistry, natural product pharmacology, and biotechnological applications. The institutions with the most publications were the University of Campinas (15 articles), University of São Paulo (8), and Federal University of Santa Maria (6), all in Brazil.

3.4. Main Articles on Bioactive Compounds in Jaboticaba Peel

A qualitative analysis was conducted using MAXQDA software, with data systematically categorized into themes based on the MAXDictio dictionary. The analysis of the 90 articles portfolio revealed 28 studies dedicated to jaboticaba species, with a particular focus on the bioactive compounds in the fruit peel, including 6 literature reviews. The jaboticaba species and the fruit parts investigated in these 28 studies are presented in

Table 4. Jaboticaba fruit parts investigated in 28 articles from the portfolio.

Jaboticaba Species	Articles
Myrciaria cauliflora (Mart. O. Berg)	13
Fruit peel	10
Fruit peel and pulp	2
Fruit peel, seeds, and pulp	1
Plinia cauliflora (Mart.) Kausel	8
Fruit peel	6
Fruit peel and pulp	2
Myrciaria jaboticaba (Vell.) Berg	5
Fruit peel	5
Plinia peruviana (Poir.) Govaerts	2
Fruit peel	2
Plinia jaboticaba (Vell.) Berg	2
Fruit peel	2

.

Among these studies, three focused on the identification and quantification of compounds through chromatographic analyses. Neves et al. [16] analyzed peel extracts from four jaboticaba species (Plinia jaboticaba, P. phitrantha, P. cauliflora, and P. trunciflora) for the presence and identification of phenolic compounds using HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSⁿ. Seventeen flavonols derived from quercetin were identified based on fragment ion signals at m/z 300 and 301 and three myricetin derivatives at m/z 316 and 317. Eleven methyl ellagic acid and eighteen ellagic acid derivatives were also detected. The MS² spectra of these compounds suggested the presence of ellagic acid derivatives (m/z 301 and/or 300) and methyl ellagic acid derivatives (m/z 315 and 300). The P. cauliflora varieties showed the highest number of compounds, with 40 derivatives in the “Paulista” variety and 37 in “Canaã-açu” variety, followed by P. jaboticaba with 35 and P. phitrantha with 17 derivatives.

Neves et al. [6] analyzed the phenolic compound profile of P. trunciflora, P. cauliflora, P. jaboticaba, and P. phitrantha jaboticaba species. Using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSⁿ for separation, identification, and quantification, they identified 28 phenolic compounds, with a particular focus on cyanidin-3-glucoside and delphinidin-3-glucoside, flavonols derived from myricetin and quercetin, as well as methyl ellagic acid and ellagic acid derivatives. Cefali et al. [17] identified the flavonoid rutin at a concentration of 2.71 ± 0.17 mg mL⁻¹ in a ethanolic extract of Myrciaria cauliflora fruit peel. The extract was produced by magnetic stirring at 50 ± 2 °C for 3 h, using a 1:20 (w/v) ratio of dried bark powder to a 60% v/v ethanol/water solution.

In their literature review on the extraction of bioactive compounds from jaboticaba, Rosa et al. [18] identified 24 substances, including 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, catechin, quercetin, myricetin, p-coumaric acid, syringic acid, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, caffeic acid, delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, gallic acid, ferulic acid, isoquercitrin, isorhamnetin, luteolin, kaempferol, malvidin, petunidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, pinobanksin, and naringenin.

Inada et al. [19] analyzed the effects of dehydration and pressurization methods on the chemical composition of M. jaboticaba peel and seed powder. The dehydration was performed by two methods: forced-air oven drying and freeze drying. The oven drying method followed a 2² full factorial design with a central point in duplicate, totaling six trials. The independent variables were time, at the levels of 14, 18, and 22 h, and temperature, at the levels of 55, 65, and 75 °C. The response variables were antioxidant activity by FRAP and TEAC assays and the analysis of phenolic compounds by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-DAD-MS. Freeze drying was performed at −50 °C and 0.065 mbar for 72 h, with antioxidant activity measured by the same assays and phenolic compounds analyzed by HPLC-DAD, HPLC-DAD-MS, and HPLC-ESI-MS-MS. Compared to freeze drying, antioxidant activity in oven-dried samples varied, increasing by 20% or decreasing by up to 44%, depending on time and temperature conditions. In the FRAP assay, activity decreased by up to 60% under all conditions tested. The phenolic compounds detected included four flavonols, two anthocyanins, one hydroxycinnamic acid derivative, twelve ellagitannins, and four ellagic and gallic acid derivatives, in both oven-dried and freeze-dried samples. Freeze drying resulted in higher anthocyanin content, while oven drying produced higher levels of ellagitannins. Both methods produced jaboticaba powder rich in phenolic compounds, and the choice between them depends on the intended application, considering the higher cost of freeze drying [19].

The high hydrostatic pressure processing experiments were conducted in six trials, using a 2² full factorial design with a duplicated center point. The independent variables were processing time at 1, 5.5, and 10 min and pressure at 200, 350, and 500 MPa. The response variables were antioxidant activity by TEAC and FRAP assays and soluble phenolic compound contents by HPLC-DAD. Compared with the unprocessed sample, all pressurized samples showed a reduction in antioxidant activity, ranging from 32% (350 MPa for 5.5 min) to 67% (500 MPa for 1 min) for FRAP and from 39% (200 MPa for 1 min) to 64% (500 MPa for 10 min) for TEAC. Regarding phenolic compounds, both unprocessed and pressurized samples contained eight phenolic compounds, including the anthocyanins cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, two hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives (ellagic acid and gallic acid), and four flavonols (quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside, quercetin, and myricetin [19].

The extraction process and identification of bioactive compounds present in the jaboticaba fruit peel were the focus of studies conducted by Santos et al. [20], Barros et al. [21], Mattos et al. [22], Marsiglia et al. [23], and Pinc et al. [7]. Santos et al. [20] evaluated an extraction process combining ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with stirred-bed extraction (SBE) to obtain antioxidant compounds from the peel of M. cauliflora. The combined method was compared with the traditional stirred-bed extraction and Soxhlet extraction methods using ethanol (acidified and non-acidified) in terms of yield, economic viability, and chemical composition. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated by the coupled oxidation method of β-carotene and linoleic acid. The best results were obtained with Soxhlet extraction using acidified ethanol (pH 3), followed by the combined UAE + ABE process with ethanol. The total phenolic content and composition were determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method. The combined method (UAE + ABE) demonstrated superior performance to the Soxhlet extraction.

Barros et al. [21] evaluated the effects of acetic, phosphoric, and formic acids on the levels of bioactive compounds in Plinia cauliflora peel and antioxidant capacity, adjusting the pH to 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0, in UAE extraction. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated by FRAP and ORAC assays, total phenolic content, monomeric anthocyanins, and qualitative phenolic profile by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The type of acid used in the removal process mainly affected the recovery of anthocyanins. The acid that provided the highest anthocyanin yield (3.4 mg/g dry matter) and antioxidant capacity (ORAC) (841 μmol TE/g raw material) was formic acid at pH 1.0 when compared to acidic and phosphoric acids. The identified compounds included ellagic acid, anthocyanins, and the flavonoids myricetin and quercetin.

Mattos et al. [22] evaluated different extraction methods in relation to antioxidant activity (ABTS and Folin–Ciocalteu reducing capacity) and total monomeric anthocyanin content. Based on the results, the authors concluded that UAE is the most efficient and cost-effective method for extracting anthocyanins from jaboticaba peel on an industrial scale, with potential applications in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.

Marsiglia et al. [23] evaluated UAE, maceration and the impact of temperature on the degradation of phenolic compounds in jaboticaba peel powder. The thermal stability of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity (FRAP, ABTS, and DPPH) were monitored over time (0 to 360 min), with temperatures at levels of 90, 110, and 130 °C. The UAE at a mass of dried peel powder/solvent ratio of 1:20 (w/v) was more effective than maceration for extracting total phenolic compounds from jaboticaba peel, which may be attributed to cell wall disruption caused by cavitation during the process. Regarding solvents, ethanol and methanol were more effective than water. HPLC analysis revealed concentrations of hesperidin (9.26 mg L⁻¹) and gallic acid (16.28 mg L⁻¹) in extracts obtained using ethanol and methanol, respectively.

Pinc et al. [7] evaluated extraction methods for the peel of Plinia cauliflora (Mart) Kausel. Vortex and infusion extraction was performed at 25, 40, and 80 °C, with and without precipitation, using a completely randomized design. The precipitated extraction method yielded a 45.9% extraction rate, with greater antioxidant capacity and higher levels of phenolic derivatives. UHPLC-MS/MS analysis in negative ion mode indicated a predominance of carboxylic acids, with citric acid as the major compound. In positive mode, there was a predominance of flavonoids, with quercetin being the most abundant.

3.5. Extraction Methods

Extraction processes were applied to 55 plant species, utilizing various parts including leaves, stems, peels, pulps, seeds, and agro-industrial solid wastes. Ten distinct extraction methods were identified, each cited at least once in 56 articles from the portfolio. The most commonly used methods were ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with 23 occurrences (41%), maceration with 8 (14%), agitated bed extraction (ABE) with 7 (13%), and Soxhlet with 6 (11%) (Figure 3a). The results reported in this review on ultrasound-assisted extraction with the solvent ethanol in dried jaboticaba peel corroborate the conclusions of Rosa et al. [18], who highlighted it as one of the most efficient and viable non-conventional techniques from both ecological and economic perspectives.

The UEA method was the most used one, due to its advantages compared to other conventional extraction methods, including greater efficiency and yield in the recovery of bioactive compounds from plant matrices, lower solvent consumption, shorter extraction time, and high reproducibility, which allows for obtaining standardized extracts [8,24,25]. However, during ultrasonic extraction, it is advisable that the temperature remains below 40 °C and the extraction time does not exceed 60 min, thus avoiding the degradation of bioactive compounds [24].

Another factor to consider during the extraction of phenolic compounds is the acidification of the extraction solution. Acidic conditions can promote cell wall disruption, thereby improving extraction yields. For the extraction of anthocyanins such as cyanidin-3-glucoside and delphinidin-3-glucoside, higher yields are achieved at pH 1 due to the predominance of the flavylium cation form in contrast to a pH above 3, where the cationic form is significantly reduced. Among the acids tested, formic acid shows superior performance compared to phosphoric acid [21]. Regarding the extraction of the flavonol quercetin, the best results are obtained using acetic acid at pH 3, whereas both formic acid and acetic acid at pH 1 yield lower concentrations. In the case of ellagic acid, the highest extraction yields are achieved with phosphoric acid at pH 3, while significantly lower levels are observed with acetic acid at pH 1 [21]. Therefore, in future studies investigating the applicability of antioxidant and photoprotective compounds from plant matrices in dermocosmetic samples, the choice of acid and pH value or range in the extraction solution must be carefully optimized.

The levels of bioactive compounds present in the industrial residue of Prinsepia utilis were investigated in two studies. Kewlani et al. [26] optimized the extraction of phenolic compounds from oil industry waste using UAE and response surface methodology (RSM). The extracts, rich in phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and antioxidant activity, exhibited notable antiaging effects through the inhibition of tyrosinase and hyaluronidase, along with photoprotective properties. Santos et al. [27] identified that the most effective solvent for the extraction of bioactive compounds from P. utilis residues was 80% v/v ethanol. The optimal extraction conditions were 41 min at 45 °C for dynamic maceration extraction (DME) and 15 min at 45 °C for UAE. This last one showed higher antioxidant activity and yield than DME, in addition to antiproliferative effects. The estimated sun protection factor (SPF) was determined using the Mansur method, which provided results of 18.22 for DME and 11.68 for UAE. However, despite its operational convenience due to its speed and reduced costs, this spectrophotometric method can be considered relevant only in the pre-selection of plant species that present SPF potential. Another limitation is that the Mansur method cannot be used to evaluate photoprotectors containing physical filters due to their low solubility in methanol, ethanol, or isopropanol solvents [28,29].

Regarding the extracting solution, we observed the highest occurrence of binary ethanol/water mixtures, in proportions ranging from 50 to 90% v/v. This fact can be explained by the occurrence of hydrophilic anthocyanins, such as cyanidin-3-glucoside and delphinidin-3-glucoside, petunidin, pelargonidin, and peonidin, relatively soluble in aqueous solutions, especially under acidic conditions (typically pH ~1–3). On the contrary, compounds such as ellagic acid, quercetin, myricetin derivatives, and phenolic acids have low water solubility, which can be improved in hydroalcoholic media. Particularly, the use of hydroethanolic solutions has the advantage of lower toxicity of ethanol when compared to solvents, such as methanol and propanone [27,30].

Wawoczny & Gillner [31] reviewed recent advances in environmentally friendly and efficient extraction methods, specifically regarding the use of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) for extracting bioactive compounds. They discussed extraction systems and key variables influencing efficiency, such as water content and the nature of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors. The review also highlighted a growing research trend toward the use of hydrophobic DESs for extracting less polar compounds, the application of ternary solvents (choline chloride, a diol or polyol), and citric acid for acidity adjustment.

Lim et al. [32] analyzed the application of glycerol as a solvent for the extraction of bioactive compounds from Hesperethusa crenulata peel as an alternative to organic solvents, which pose risks to both human health and the environment. Extracts were prepared using ethanol, water, glycerol, glycerol/ethanol (1:1, v/v), and glycerol/water (1:1, v/v) as solvents. Among the five extracts, glycerol yielded the highest content of bioactive compounds and flavonoids. The glycerol/ethanol extract showed the highest total phenolic content and the greatest antioxidant activity in both ABTS and FRAP assays. The authors identified that glycerol was more efficient than water and ethanol in extracting bioactive compounds, representing a promising green solvent alternative to replace toxic solvents.

The use of chemometric experimental design methods in extraction processes was a trend in eight more recent studies. Methods, such as fractional factorial design [33], Box–Behnken experimental design [34], and central composite design combined with response surface methodology [22,26,35] can provide time and resource savings by identifying the effects of predictor variables and their interactions, optimizing the ideal conditions to maximize efficiency and yield.

3.6. Analytical Methods

For the quantification of bioactive compounds using spectrophotometric methods, total phenolic content was assessed in 37 studies, 21 of which also investigated photoprotective activity by determining the sun protection factor (SPF), on 18 occasions using the in vitro UV/VIS spectrophotometry methodology based on the Mansur method and on 3 occasions using the in vitro diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry methodology with an integrating sphere. Total flavonoid content was the second most frequently used method, reported in 21 studies, 14 of which also evaluated SPF. The total anthocyanin content was determined in six studies, five using the differential pH method and one using the single pH method. Total tannins were quantified in five studies, while total saponins and total tocopherol were each reported in one study (Figure 3b).

Among the methods used for the separation and structural identification of bioactive compounds, 42 chromatographic techniques were reported: 28 by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), 8 by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), 5 by gas chromatography (GC), and 1 by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Furthermore, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was cited in five studies, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in two, and paper spray ionization mass spectrometry (PSI-MS) in one (Figure 3c).

The primary phenolics identified in the jaboticaba peel were anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-glucoside and delphinidin-3-glucoside), quercetin and myricetin-derived flavonoids (rutin), and phenolic acids (gallic, ferulic, and ellagic acid) [2,7,16]. These molecules may act synergistically with UV filters, enhancing their efficacy and stability, and contribute to the development of multifunctional cosmetic products aimed at preventing and repairing UV-induced damage, particularly that related to free radical generation [14,15,17].

3.7. Antioxidant Activity Assessment Methods

Seventeen antioxidant activity assays were identified across 54 articles in the portfolio (Figure 3d). Regarding the number of methods used in each study, 38 (68.5%) employed two or more methods, while 17 articles (31.5%) reported using only one method.

Most of the methods identified (15) were based on chemical assays that measure antioxidant capacity through free radical scavenging, metal chelation, or reducing power. Two of the cited methods show greater biological correlation. Lekmine et al. [36] employed the Oxidative Hemolysis Inhibition Assay (OxHLIA), evaluating the inhibition of damage to cell membranes, in which peroxyl radicals act as pro-oxidants and human erythrocytes serve as oxidizable targets. Peres et al. [37] assessed antioxidant activity using the DPPH method, applying cosmetic formulations to human skin and analyzing the stratum corneum extract collected with adhesive tape through the ex vivo antioxidant activity method.

Gadjalova & Mihaylova [38] evaluated the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity using the DPPH, FRAP, CUPRAC, and ABTS methods of eight medicinal species. Correlation analysis revealed a tendency to employ at least three distinct assays, considering the differences in antioxidant mechanisms of action. However, in early research stages, such as screening studies, the use of a single method may be well justified, particularly when combined with other approaches, such as total phenolic content determination. Of the studies that employed two or more methods, only four did not use DPPH, the most common method, which was the only assay used in thirteen of them.

However, the lack of standardization of extraction methods and antioxidant activity assessment makes it difficult to compare the results obtained.

3.8. Photoprotective Efficacy Assessment Methods

In 39 articles in the portfolio, at least one method was used to determine the efficiency of photoprotective activity, with the in vitro UV/VIS spectrophotometry methodology based on the Mansur method being used on 26 occasions. The in vitro diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry methodology with an integrating sphere was used on 13 occasions. In vivo SPF determination was performed in four studies. Among these studies, the authors evaluated the incorporation of isolated compounds into topical formulations.

Tomazelli et al. [39] evaluated the SPF in vivo, with results suggesting that rutin is a promising candidate for use in multifunctional sunscreens to improve photoprotection, with a pronounced antioxidant effect, which can help protect the skin from damage caused by UV radiation.

Ferulic acid was evaluated by Peres et al. [37], who concluded that the formulations presented good skin biocompatibility and a satisfactory safety profile, as well as a synergistic effect with synthetic UV filters, increasing the SPF in vivo by 37% and the FPUVA by 26%. Rao et al. [40] evaluated the use of quercetin and curcumin by optimizing the preparation of a phytodermal gel (PDG), applying in vitro and in vivo methods. The polymeric mixed micelles (PMMs) of quercetin and curcumin effectively improved the antioxidant and photoprotective effects.

Due to the high costs, demand for volunteers, and the time required to perform in vivo tests, in vitro methods are alternatives for screening tests and preliminary evaluations of natural extracts and prototypes of cosmetic formulations. They present advantages such as speed of execution, affordable cost, reproducibility, ease of operator training, and no exposure of volunteers to risk.

3.9. Evidence of the Use of Jaboticaba Peel Extracts in Photoprotective Dermocosmetics

Table 5. Chemical structures of phenolic compounds present in jaboticaba peel with skin protection action against damage caused by UVR.

Name/Chemical Structure	Absorption (λmáx)	Activities	Potential Applications	References
Rosmarinic acid	330 nm	-Antioxidant -Anti-inflammatory	Protection of DNA from UVR damage	[31,41,42]
Caffeic acid	327 nm		Antiaging and sunscreen adjuvant	[26,43,44]
Ferulic acid	307 nm		Prevention of erythema, photoaging, and skin cancer	[18,45,46]
Gallic acid	280 nm	-Antioxidant -Anti-inflammatory -Tyrosinase inhibition	Reduces skin redness	[31,46,47]
Catechin	280–320 nm	-Antioxidant	Protects skin from UVR and antiaging	[48,49,50]
Quercetin	375 nm		Hyperpigmentation disorders treatment	[18,47,51]
Rutin	280–367 nm	-Antioxidant -Induces apoptosis	Suppresses skin redness, atopic dermatitis, and allergic contact dermatitis	[29,39,52]
Cyanidin-3-O-glicoside	530 nm (red color)	-Antioxidant -Anti-inflammatory	Protects skin cells from oxidative damage	[18,31,53]

summarizes the main phenolic compounds identified in jaboticaba peel, their UVR absorption wavelengths, biological activities, and potential dermocosmetic applications. The meta-analysis suggested that extracts from jaboticaba peel hold promising potential for the development of dermocosmetics aimed at mitigating UVR-induced damage to the cutaneous tissue.

3.10. Perspectives for the Development of Jaboticaba Peel Extracts with Antioxidant and Photoprotective Activities

Based on the bibliometric analysis, we propose a methodological approach to extract jaboticaba peels and evaluate their antioxidant activity and photoprotective performance against UVR-induced damage (Figure 4). The scheme outlines five steps of the first phase of in vitro testing. It includes the production of jaboticaba peel flour and the extraction process optimization for phenolic compounds with antioxidant and photoprotective potential.

In a second phase, pre-clinical and in vivo safety and efficacy establishment must be performed after the production, characterization, and incorporation of the optimized extracts into a cosmetic vehicle. Studies may involve cytotoxicity [50,54,55], antiproliferative and antimutagenic activities [53,56], evaluation of the inhibition of enzymes responsible for skin hyperpigmentation [57,58] and aging prevention [59,60,61], and evaluation of the combat against oxidative stress [62], in addition to stability tests of the samples [63,64,65]. The determination of in vivo SPF [39,66], skin compatibility [67,68], photo irritation potential, photosensitivity, and skin surficial hydration tests [39] are analyses that may prove the potential use of jaboticaba peel extract in multifunctional dermocosmetics.

4. Conclusions

One of the primary strengths of this systematic review lies in its methodological rigor, incorporating the Methodi Ordinatio protocol for article selection, which combines citation metrics, impact factor, and publication year to ensure a high-quality and relevant portfolio. The use of integrated tools such as VOSviewer and MAXQDA for bibliometric and qualitative analyses enabled a comprehensive exploration of research trends, methodological approaches, and compound characterization. Moreover, the review synthesizes multidisciplinary findings spanning phytochemistry, pharmacology, and cosmetic science, offering valuable insights into the dermocosmetic potential of jaboticaba peel extracts. Despite these strengths, certain limitations warrant consideration.

The inclusion criteria, specifically the restriction to articles published from 2010 onwards, may have inadvertently excluded earlier foundational studies that could offer historical context or unique insights. A significant limitation also arises from the current state of research: while this review provides a robust analysis of in vitro evidence, the infrequency of clinical studies on jaboticaba-derived formulations inherently constrains the direct generalizability of our conclusions to real-world dermocosmetic applications.

Until rigorous formulation development and clinical testing are carried out, definitive conclusions about the use of jaboticaba peel in dermocosmetics may not be drawn. Given these findings, future research should aim to (i) standardize extraction and quantification methods to enable cross-study comparisons; (ii) expand biological assays to include validated in vitro and in vivo photoprotective tests; (iii) develop and evaluate dermocosmetic formulations using jaboticaba peel extracts; and (iv) investigate clinical safety, efficacy, and user acceptability. By bridging the gap between phytochemical research and formulation science, the valorization of jaboticaba peel can contribute meaningfully to the development of sustainable, effective, and environmentally responsible cosmetic products.

Nonetheless, the potential advantages of using natural extracts—especially those derived from agricultural residues—should not be overlooked. Further research on bioactive-rich food residues is essential for advancing sustainable practices in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries.