Olea europea and By-Products: Extraction Methods and Cosmetic Applications

Round 1

Reviewer 1 Report

The paper is a good quality review exploring all possible extraction methods and the quality of the extracts in the case of olive oil.

Paragraphs 4 and 5 should be eliminated as, in my opinion, inappropriate and in particular:

1) Paragraph 4 is a list of technical functions provided by the European Commission which are not scientifically relevant;

2) Paragraph 5 is not scientifically relevant and, above all, not specific for this plant but generic for all types of plant extracts used in cosmetics

The conclusion should be revised accordingly

Author Response

Reviewer #1:

The paper is a good quality review exploring all possible extraction methods and the quality of the extracts in the case of olive oil.

Paragraphs 4 and 5 should be eliminated as, in my opinion, inappropriate and in particular:

1) Paragraph 4 is a list of technical functions provided by the European Commission which are not scientifically relevant;

Authors agree with the reviewer, besides according to the suggestion of another reviewer the introduction and section 2 of the manuscript were modified.

2) Paragraph 5 is not scientifically relevant and, above all, not specific for this plant but generic for all types of plant extracts used in cosmetics

Authors agree with the reviewer, besides according to the suggestion of another reviewer the introduction and section 2 of the manuscript were modified.

The conclusion should be revised accordingly

The conclusions were revised and modified according to this suggestion.

Authors want to thank Reviewer 1 for all the comments and for the time dedicated to improve our manuscript.

Author Response File: Author Response.pdf

Reviewer 2 Report

This work deals with potential of Olea europea by products and extraction methods for cosmetics applications. Works like this are important since there is a need of new ingredients and raw materials for the cosmetic industry focus on natural and green ingredients. Nevertheless, a mayor revision should be done.

 1.      If the aim of the work is highlighting the extractions methods, we would recommend to change the title, adding information. Something similar to the following:

 “Olea europea and by products: Extraction methods and Cosmetic Applications”

1.      Section 2:

 More information about other bioactive compounds from olive by-products should be added:

 -          Triterpenes (Ramirez et al. 2023)

-          Pectin, oligosaccharides (Reference 15 of the paper)

-          Other sugars and polysaccharides: mannitol, cellulose, hemicellulose (Reference 15 of the paper)

-          PUFAs y EPAs (Reference 15 of the paper)

-          Essential amino acids (Maestri et al. 2019)

-          Maslinic acid (He et al. 2022)

-          Carotenoids (Aggoun et al., 2016)

-          Mineral composition: K, Ca, Na and others should also be considered (Dermeche et al., 2013)

 We would suggest some kind of table to summarize the above mentioned bioactive compounds.

 2.      Paragraphs from 282 to 292 lines should go after line 273.

 3.      There are minor spelling mistakes:

 - Line 186, “Human Epidermal Karatinocytes Adult (HEKa)”; should be “Human Epidermal Keratinocytes, adult (HEKa)”.

- Line 208, in degrees Celsius a space is left between the number and the unit.

4.      Additional references:

 Madureira J, Margaça FMA, Santos-Buelga C, Ferreira ICFR, Verde SC, Barros L. Applications of bioactive compounds extracted from olive industry wastes: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2022 Jan;21(1):453-476. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12861. 

 Melguizo-Rodríguez L, González-Acedo A, Illescas-Montes R, García-Recio E, Ramos-Torrecillas J, Costela-Ruiz VJ, García-Martínez O. Biological effects of the olive tree and its derivatives on the skin. Food Funct. 2022 Nov 14;13(22):11410-11424. doi: 10.1039/d2fo01945k. 

 Lo Giudice V, Faraone I, Bruno MR, Ponticelli M, Labanca F, Bisaccia D, Massarelli C, Milella L, Todaro L. Olive Trees By-Products as Sources of Bioactive and Other Industrially Useful Compounds: A Systematic Review. Molecules. 2021 Aug 22;26(16):5081. doi: 10.3390/molecules26165081.

 Ramírez EM, Brenes M, Romero C, Medina E. Olive Leaf Processing for Infusion Purposes. Foods. 2023 Jan 30;12(3):591. doi: 10.3390/foods12030591. 

 He Y, Wang Y, Yang K, Jiao J, Zhan H, Yang Y, Lv D, Li W, Ding W. Maslinic Acid: A New Compound for the Treatment of Multiple Organ Diseases. Molecules. 2022 Dec 9;27(24):8732. doi: 10.3390/molecules27248732. 

 Maestri D, Barrionuevo D, Bodoira R, Zafra A, Jiménez-López J, Alché JD. Nutritional profile and nutraceutical components of olive (Olea europaea L.) seeds. J Food Sci Technol. 2019 Sep;56(9):4359-4370. doi: 10.1007/s13197-019-03904-5. 

 González-Acedo, A., Ramos-Torrecillas, J., Illescas-Montes, R., Costela-Ruiz, V. J., Ruiz, C., Melguizo-Rodríguez, L., & García-Martínez, O. (2023). The Benefits of Olive Oil for Skin Health: Study on the Effect of Hydroxytyrosol, Tyrosol, and Oleocanthal on Human Fibroblasts. Nutrients, 15(9), 2077.

 Dermeche, S., Nadour, M., Larroche, C., Moulti-Mati, F., & Michaud, P. (2013). Olive mill wastes: Biochemical characterizations and valorization strategies. Process biochemistry, 48(10), 1532-1552.

 Aggoun, M., Arhab, R., Cornu, A., Portelli, J., Barkat, M., & Graulet, B. (2016). Olive mill wastewater microconstituents composition according to olive variety and extraction process. Food chemistry, 209, 72-80.

Author Response

Reviewer #2:

This work deals with potential of Olea europea by products and extraction methods for cosmetics applications. Works like this are important since there is a need of new ingredients and raw materials for the cosmetic industry focus on natural and green ingredients. Nevertheless, a mayor revision should be done.

1. If the aim of the work is highlighting the extractions methods, we would recommend to change the title, adding information. Something similar to the following:

 “Olea europea and by products: Extraction methods and Cosmetic Applications”

Authors agree with the reviewer and the title was changed.

1. Section 2:

 More information about other bioactive compounds from olive by-products should be added:

 -          Triterpenes (Ramirez et al. 2023)

-          Pectin, oligosaccharides (Reference 15 of the paper)

-          Other sugars and polysaccharides: mannitol, cellulose, hemicellulose (Reference 15 of the paper)

-          PUFAs y EPAs (Reference 15 of the paper)

-          Essential amino acids (Maestri et al. 2019)

-          Maslinic acid (He et al. 2022)

-          Carotenoids (Aggoun et al., 2016)

-          Mineral composition: K, Ca, Na and others should also be considered (Dermeche et al., 2013)

 We would suggest some kind of table to summarize the above mentioned bioactive compounds.

Authors agree with the reviewer and more information about other bioactive compounds from olive by-products were added in Table 1, however, we decide to focus in the main bioactive compounds present in the by-products, actually used for cosmetic applications. For that reason, some minor bioactive compounds like minerals, maslinic acid, carotenoids, essential amino acids and mannitol, and others like cellulose, hemicellulose were no analysed in our manuscript, although we are aware of their presence, and also taking into account the recommendation of the reviewer #4. In summary, although we consider the compounds that the reviewer proposed, and we include them in Table 1, in response to what reviewer 4 said, we only concentrated the focus of the manuscript on polyphenols. The cosmetic function of some lipophilic components was briefly analysed, which was added in a note to Table 1, incorporated in this review, where the compounds that are going to be analysed in depth are highlighted.

2. Paragraphs from 282 to 292 lines should go after line 273.

The modification in the paragraphs order was done.

3. There are minor spelling mistakes:

 - Line 186, “Human Epidermal Karatinocytes Adult (HEKa)”; should be “Human Epidermal Keratinocytes, adult (HEKa)”.

- Line 208, in degrees Celsius a space is left between the number and the unit.

These corrections were done in the manuscript

4. Additional references:

Madureira J, Margaça FMA, Santos-Buelga C, Ferreira ICFR, Verde SC, Barros L. Applications of bioactive compounds extracted from olive industry wastes: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2022 Jan;21(1):453-476. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12861. 

Melguizo-Rodríguez L, González-Acedo A, Illescas-Montes R, García-Recio E, Ramos-Torrecillas J, Costela-Ruiz VJ, García-Martínez O. Biological effects of the olive tree and its derivatives on the skin. Food Funct. 2022 Nov 14;13(22):11410-11424. doi: 10.1039/d2fo01945k. 

Lo Giudice V, Faraone I, Bruno MR, Ponticelli M, Labanca F, Bisaccia D, Massarelli C, Milella L, Todaro L. Olive Trees By-Products as Sources of Bioactive and Other Industrially Useful Compounds: A Systematic Review. Molecules. 2021 Aug 22;26(16):5081. doi: 10.3390/molecules26165081.

Ramírez EM, Brenes M, Romero C, Medina E. Olive Leaf Processing for Infusion Purposes. Foods. 2023 Jan 30;12(3):591. doi: 10.3390/foods12030591. 

He Y, Wang Y, Yang K, Jiao J, Zhan H, Yang Y, Lv D, Li W, Ding W. Maslinic Acid: A New Compound for the Treatment of Multiple Organ Diseases. Molecules. 2022 Dec 9;27(24):8732. doi: 10.3390/molecules27248732. 

Maestri D, Barrionuevo D, Bodoira R, Zafra A, Jiménez-López J, Alché JD. Nutritional profile and nutraceutical components of olive (Olea europaea L.) seeds. J Food Sci Technol. 2019 Sep;56(9):4359-4370. doi: 10.1007/s13197-019-03904-5. 

González-Acedo, A., Ramos-Torrecillas, J., Illescas-Montes, R., Costela-Ruiz, V. J., Ruiz, C., Melguizo-Rodríguez, L., & García-Martínez, O. (2023). The Benefits of Olive Oil for Skin Health: Study on the Effect of Hydroxytyrosol, Tyrosol, and Oleocanthal on Human Fibroblasts. Nutrients, 15(9), 2077.

Dermeche, S., Nadour, M., Larroche, C., Moulti-Mati, F., & Michaud, P. (2013). Olive mill wastes: Biochemical characterizations and valorization strategies. Process biochemistry, 48(10), 1532-1552.

Aggoun, M., Arhab, R., Cornu, A., Portelli, J., Barkat, M., & Graulet, B. (2016). Olive mill wastewater microconstituents composition according to olive variety and extraction process. Food chemistry, 209, 72-80.

The suggested references were taken into account and incorporated into the manuscript.  

Authors want to thank Reviewer 2 for all the comments and for the time dedicated to improve our manuscript.

Author Response File: Author Response.pdf

Reviewer 3 Report

Weel-written review article of high interest to whom may be interested in getting information for cosmetic of raw materials issued from olea europea

Good

Author Response

Reviewer #3:

Weel-written review article of high interest to whom may be interested in getting information for cosmetic of raw materials issued from olea europea

Authors want to thank Reviewer 3 for the comment about our manuscript.

Reviewer 4 Report

Thank you for the opportunity to read the manuscript entitled: "Olea europea and by products: Cosmetic Applications". This text is a study on a broad approach to the topic of the use of raw materials obtained from the plant: Olea europaea for cosmetic purposes and for the cosmetics industry. The authors undertook to discuss a number of issues:

1. Description of the use of olive oil for cosmetic purposes

2. Indications of the usefulness of polyphenols as active ingredients of cosmetics

3. Indication of by-products generated during the olive oil production

4. Describe the poliphenolic and non-polyphenolic components of olives and by-products

5. Determination of the difference between different extraction methods and the amount and type of obtained cosmetically active ingredients

6. Enumeration of products already available on the market obtained from olive by-products

7. Indications of consumer attitudes towards this type of products

Such a broad approach to the subject seems to be an erroneous approach, which is unfortunately evident when reading the manuscript. The text is chaotic in many places, contains repetitions and large simplifications. Unexplained abbreviations appear and a large number of issues are not properly explained.

Improving the manuscript would require extending it by at least another 20 pages in order to clarify and thoroughly analyze the available literature on the issues raised.

Several elements are also noteworthy:

1. The authors do not give their affiliations in English, which is surprising

2. In the chapter: References, there are a lot of books, which is not a frequent element of publications concerning such a young field as cosmetic chemistry and cosmetology. Items with the indicated numbers are quoted in a manner inconsistent with the guidelines of the publisher: 3, 61-64, 67-71, 75-77, 79-81, 83.86, 114, 135.136, 139.

3. Lines: 82-133 seem completely redundant.

4. The presented tables contain only sample studies on the indicated topic, they are not a systematic study. The description and discussion of the cited research works is very sparse, which does not allow drawing conclusions about the quality of these research papers.

5. The authors do not adhere to the rule to write Latin terms in italics.

6. Lines 263-272 are completely off topic. The description of vitamin E vitaminomers is unacceptably simplified.

Author Response

Reviewer #4:

 Thank you for the opportunity to read the manuscript entitled: "Olea europea and by products: Cosmetic Applications". This text is a study on a broad approach to the topic of the use of raw materials obtained from the plant: Olea europaea for cosmetic purposes and for the cosmetics industry. The authors undertook to discuss a number of issues:

1. Description of the use of olive oil for cosmetic purposes
2. Indications of the usefulness of polyphenols as active ingredients of cosmetics
3. Indication of by-products generated during the olive oil production
4. Describe the poliphenolic and non-polyphenolic components of olives and by-products
5. Determination of the difference between different extraction methods and the amount and type of obtained cosmetically active ingredients
6. Enumeration of products already available on the market obtained from olive by-products
7. Indications of consumer attitudes towards this type of products

Such a broad approach to the subject seems to be an erroneous approach, which is unfortunately evident when reading the manuscript. The text is chaotic in many places, contains repetitions and large simplifications. Unexplained abbreviations appear and a large number of issues are not properly explained.

Improving the manuscript would require extending it by at least another 20 pages in order to clarify and thoroughly analyze the available literature on the issues raised.

The main focus of our manuscript was to review all possible extraction methods and to give an update on the valorisation of Olea europea by products for cosmetics applications. Despite we delete some repetitions in the text to improve the quality, Section 2 of the manuscript was completely rewritten and also, we added some new information taking into account the suggestions of the other reviewers of this manuscript. In summary, the entire manuscript was revised and reorganized in a different way, for its greater understanding, the new structure of section 2, the inclusion of section 4 (Applications of olive extracts in the cosmetic industry).

Several elements are also noteworthy:

1. The authors do not give their affiliations in English, which is surprising

The affiliations were changed; however, for us it is mandatory to maintain the name “Universidad de la República” in order to be index.

2. In the chapter: References, there are a lot of books, which is not a frequent element of publications concerning such a young field as cosmetic chemistry and cosmetology. Items with the indicated numbers are quoted in a manner inconsistent with the guidelines of the publisher: 3, 61-64, 67-71, 75-77, 79-81, 83.86, 114, 135.136, 139.

The references mentioned by the reviewer were corrected taking into account the guidelines of the publisher.

3. Lines: 82-133 seem completely redundant.

Authors agree with the reviewer and these paragraphs were modified and shortened to avoid repetitions.

4. The presented tables contain only sample studies on the indicated topic, they are not a systematic study. The description and discussion of the cited research works is very sparse, which does not allow drawing conclusions about the quality of these research papers.

Authors cited the principal references available in the field, however, new references were added according with the suggestion of the reviewer.

5. The authors do not adhere to the rule to write Latin terms in italics.

Authors agree with the reviewer, and Latin terms are now in italics.

6. Lines 263-272 are completely off topic. The description of vitamin E vitaminomers is unacceptably simplified.

This part of the manuscript was moved. We only mentioned one of the E vitamins, which has the highest concentration and we clarified that this part is not the main objective of the manuscript. 

Authors want to thank Reviewer 4 for all the comments and for the time dedicated to improve our manuscript.

Author Response File: Author Response.pdf

Round 2

Reviewer 2 Report

The work is acceptable in the present form. The authors' responses are adequate.