How Reclamation Policy Shapes China’s Coastal Wetland Ecosystem Services
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Theoretical Framework
2.2. Study Area
2.3. Data Source
2.4. Ecosystem Services Assessment
2.4.1. Habitat Quality
2.4.2. Carbon Storage
2.4.3. Material Production
2.4.4. Limitations of the InVEST Model
2.5. Method of Policy Impacts Evaluation
- Cut-off point 1 (): it corresponds to the implementation of stricter annual reclamation quota management, marking a significant initial tightening of supervision [9]. Operationally, we set the cut-off for the transition.
2.6. Variable Selection
3. Results
3.1. Changes in Ecosystem Services
3.2. Impacts of Reclamation Policies on the Ecosystem Services
3.3. Robustness Tests for Regression Discontinuity
4. Discussion
4.1. Policy Impacts on Ecosystem Services in Coastal Wetlands
4.2. Policy Implications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Threat | Max_dist (km) | Weight | Decay | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Farmland | 0.5 | 0.2 | Linear | Based on [47,48,49]. |
Construction Land | 0.2 | 0.5 | Exponential |
LULC | Habitat | Threats | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Farmland | Construction Land | |||
Farmland | 7.74 | 57.83 | 1.32 | Based on [47,48,49]. |
Forest | 28.38 | 95.35 | 2.15 | |
Grassland | 14.29 | 75.7 | 8.46 | |
Wetland | 20.75 | 160.42 | 2.65 | |
Construction Land | 0.00 | 20.78 | 0.00 | |
Unused Land | 1.82 | 15.88 | 0.00 | |
Sea | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
LULC | C_Above | C_Below | C_Soil | C_Dead | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Farmland | 7.74 | 5.26 | 57.83 | 1.32 | Based on [50,51]. |
Forest | 28.38 | 10.82 | 95.35 | 2.15 | |
Grassland | 14.29 | 15.19 | 75.7 | 8.46 | |
Wetland | 20.75 | 13.6 | 160.42 | 2.65 | |
Construction Land | 0.00 | 0.00 | 20.78 | 0.00 | |
Unused Land | 1.82 | 0.00 | 15.88 | 0.00 | |
Sea | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
HQ | CS | MP | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2011 | 2017 | 2011 | 2017 | 2011 | 2017 | ||||||
Yi,t | ΔYi,t | Yi,t | ΔYi,t | Yi,t | ΔYi,t | Yi,t | ΔYi,t | Yi,t | ΔYi,t | Yi,t | ΔYi,t |
0.001 (0.44) | 0.375 *** (3.19) | −0.001 (−0.41) | −0.172 *** (−3.57) | 0.002 (0.42) | 9.111 *** (3.23) | 0.003 (0.82) | 1.798 ** (2.42) | 0.003 (0.65) | 1.166 ** (2.12) | 0.002 (0.27) | 0.872 *** (3.76) |
Item | Outcome Variable | Break Point | Methods | Coef. of Di,t | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HQ | ΔYi,t | 2011 | Replacement bandwidth | 0.75 | 0.122 * (1.86) |
1.25 | 0.375 *** (3.20) | ||||
Replacement kernel function | Rectangle | 0.271 *** (3.37) | |||
Replacement breakpoint | 2010 | −0.173 ** (−2.48) | |||
2012 | −0.046 (−0.50) | ||||
2017 | Replacement bandwidth | 0.75 | −0.033 (−1.01) | ||
1.25 | −0.163 *** (−3.37) | ||||
Replacement kernel function | Rectangle | −0.187*** (−3.84) | |||
Replacement breakpoint | 2016 | 0.074 * (1.94) | |||
2018 | −0.207 *** (−3.06) | ||||
CS | 2011 | Replacement bandwidth | 0.75 | 3.437 ** (2.23) | |
1.25 | 9.086*** (3.24) | ||||
Replacement kernel function | Rectangle | 6.834 *** (3.57) | |||
Replacement breakpoint | 2010 | −4.116 *** (−2.94) | |||
2012 | −1.845 (−0.88) | ||||
2017 | Replacement bandwidth | 0.75 | 1.798 ** (2.42) | ||
1.25 | 0.000 (.) | ||||
Replacement kernel function | Rectangle | −1.005 (−1.14) | |||
Replacement breakpoint | 2016 | 1.942 *** (5.27) | |||
2018 | −5.717 *** (−6.11) | ||||
MP | 2011 | Replacement bandwidth | 0.75 | 0.891 (1.29) | |
1.25 | 1.327 *** (2.82) | ||||
Replacement kernel function | Rectangle | 1.191 *** (3.22) | |||
Replacement breakpoint | 2010 | 0.880 * (1.90) | |||
2012 | −1.995 ** (−2.57) | ||||
2017 | Replacement bandwidth | 0.75 | 0.518 *** (2.81) | ||
1.25 | 0.670 ** (2.36) | ||||
Replacement kernel function | Rectangle | 0.640 ** (2.25) | |||
Replacement breakpoint | 2016 | 0.564 * (1.66) | |||
2018 | −0.730 * (−1.94) |
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Zhuo, Y.; Li, T.; Xu, Z.; Li, G. How Reclamation Policy Shapes China’s Coastal Wetland Ecosystem Services. Systems 2025, 13, 431. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060431
Zhuo Y, Li T, Xu Z, Li G. How Reclamation Policy Shapes China’s Coastal Wetland Ecosystem Services. Systems. 2025; 13(6):431. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060431
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhuo, Yuefei, Tiantian Li, Zhongguo Xu, and Guan Li. 2025. "How Reclamation Policy Shapes China’s Coastal Wetland Ecosystem Services" Systems 13, no. 6: 431. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060431
APA StyleZhuo, Y., Li, T., Xu, Z., & Li, G. (2025). How Reclamation Policy Shapes China’s Coastal Wetland Ecosystem Services. Systems, 13(6), 431. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060431