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Volume 13
Issue 12
10.3390/systems13121083
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Integrating ESG with Digital Twins and the Metaverse: A Data-Driven Framework for Smart Building Sustainability

by
Nicola Magaletti
1,
Chiara Tognon
2,
Mauro Di Molfetta
1,
Angelo Zerega
2,
Valeria Notarnicola
1,
Ettore Zini
2 and
Angelo Leogrande
1,3,*
1
LUM Enterprise S.r.l., 70010 Casamassima, Italy
2
Deloitte Consulting S.r.l., 20122 Milan, Italy
3
Dipartimento di Management, Finanza e Tecnologia (MFT), LUM University Giuseppe Degennaro, 70010 Casamassima, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Systems 2025, 13(12), 1083; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13121083 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 6 October 2025 / Revised: 6 November 2025 / Accepted: 27 November 2025 / Published: 1 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Digital Engineering: Transforming Industries with Model-Based Systems Engineering and Digital Twin Technology)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

This article proposes a complex solution to improve sustainable intelligent building management based on the principles of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) factors. The ESG KPI Framework–Metaverse-Enabled Operations incorporates the latest digital twin solutions, IoT sensor systems, and metaverse platforms to deliver real-time management and optimization of ESG factors. A hybrid solution strategy has been used in this framework, focusing on auto-acquisition of information and multiple validations at different levels through correlation analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression, and Machine Learning. The designed prototype links all the solutions together in a multi-level dashboard to represent key performance factors such as carbon footprint, energy consumption, renewable energy use, and occupant wellness. Experiments conducted validate the effectiveness of the proposed solution in improving prediction efficiency and user interaction experience during metaverse simulations.
Keywords: smart building management; metaverse technologies; sustainability; Key Performance Indicators (KPIs); digital twins; IoT; ESG smart building management; metaverse technologies; sustainability; Key Performance Indicators (KPIs); digital twins; IoT; ESG

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Magaletti, N.; Tognon, C.; Di Molfetta, M.; Zerega, A.; Notarnicola, V.; Zini, E.; Leogrande, A. Integrating ESG with Digital Twins and the Metaverse: A Data-Driven Framework for Smart Building Sustainability. Systems 2025, 13, 1083. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13121083

AMA Style

Magaletti N, Tognon C, Di Molfetta M, Zerega A, Notarnicola V, Zini E, Leogrande A. Integrating ESG with Digital Twins and the Metaverse: A Data-Driven Framework for Smart Building Sustainability. Systems. 2025; 13(12):1083. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13121083

Chicago/Turabian Style

Magaletti, Nicola, Chiara Tognon, Mauro Di Molfetta, Angelo Zerega, Valeria Notarnicola, Ettore Zini, and Angelo Leogrande. 2025. "Integrating ESG with Digital Twins and the Metaverse: A Data-Driven Framework for Smart Building Sustainability" Systems 13, no. 12: 1083. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13121083

APA Style

Magaletti, N., Tognon, C., Di Molfetta, M., Zerega, A., Notarnicola, V., Zini, E., & Leogrande, A. (2025). Integrating ESG with Digital Twins and the Metaverse: A Data-Driven Framework for Smart Building Sustainability. Systems, 13(12), 1083. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13121083

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