Thin-Layer Fibre-Reinforced Concrete Sandwich Walls: Numerical Evaluation †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Thermal Analysis
2.2. Sound Insulation Analysis
2.3. Structural Analysis and Design
Actions
2.4. Nonlinear FEM Analysis
2.4.1. Materials
2.4.2. Mesh
2.4.3. Boundary Conditions and Load Application
3. Results
3.1. Thermal Performance
3.2. Sound Insulation Performance
3.3. Structural Performance
3.3.1. Demoulding
3.3.2. Persistent Design Situation
4. Discussion
4.1. Load-Bearing Capacity
4.2. Composite Action
4.3. Thermal and Sound Reduction Performance
5. Conclusions
- Short fibres can substitute for conventional reinforcement mesh in SW panels and maintain a high load-bearing capacity, even with the increased distance between wythes resulting from the required thickness of thermal insulation.
- In the case of a family house, the core layer of the exterior SW must be at least 120 or 200 mm if polyurethane (PUR) or expended polystyrene (EPS) is used, respectively.
- The theoretical load-bearing capacity estimated by nonlinear finite element analysis exceeds the design loads significantly—by up to 100 times.
- An SW with a non-composite cross-section exhibited the same load-bearing capacity as the ones with a composite cross-section, reaching 55–77% of the load-bearing capacity of the loaded wythe cross-section.
- An SW with a fully composite cross-section can have unfavourable effects in cases of extreme temperature loads, in which high tensile stresses are developed.
- The thermal bridge analysis showed that the temperature distributions at the top and bottom of the wall are satisfactory; however, use of steel connectors resulted in possible condensation of the surface of the SW.
- The sound insulation properties of the analysed thin-layer SW satisfy the requirements set by the Latvian Building Regulations if maximum admissible environmental noise levels are not exceeded.
- In cases of higher environmental noise levels, the requirements for sound insulation can lead to SWs needing thicker wythes. A positive effect can be achieved also by reducing the amount of connectors and using wythes with different thicknesses.
- The thickness of the thermal insulation layer does not have any noticeable effect on the sound reduction of the SW due to its low density.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CMOD | Crack mouth opening distance |
EPS | Expended polystyrene |
FRP | Fibre reinforced polymer |
PUR | Polyurethane |
SFRC | Steel-fibre-reinforced concrete |
SW | Sandwich wall |
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Property | Unit | Concrete | EPS | PUR |
---|---|---|---|---|
Density | kg/m | 2400 | 30 | 40 |
Porosity | m/m | 0.18 | 0.95 | 0.95 |
Specific Heat Capacity (dry) | J/(kg K) | 850 | 1500 | 1500 |
Thermal Conductivity (dry, 10 C) | W/(m K) | 2.2 | 0.04 | 0.025 |
Water Vapour Diffusion Resistance Factor | - | 180 | 50 | 50 |
Moisture-dep. Thermal Cond. Supplement | %/M.-% | 8 | - | - |
Temp-dep. Thermal Cond. Supplement | W/(m K) | 0.0002 | 0.0002 | 0.0002 |
Type 1 | Type 2 | |
---|---|---|
Composition | concrete–EPS–concrete | concrete–PUR–concrete |
Thickness (mm) | 60-200-60 | 60-120-60 |
Total thickness (mm) | 320 | 240 |
R-value (mK/W) | 5.04 | 4.81 |
U-value (W/(mK)) | 0.191 | 0.2 |
Label | Cross-Section Composition | Insulation | Connector Spacing, mm |
---|---|---|---|
EPS1 | 60/200/60 | EPS | no connectors |
EPS2 | 60/200/60 | EPS | 400 × 400 |
EPS3 | 60/200/60 | EPS | 200 × 200 |
PUR1 | 60/120/60 | PUR | no connectors |
PUR2 | 60/120/60 | PUR | 400 × 400 |
PUR3 | 60/120/60 | PUR | 200 × 200 |
PUR4 | 75/120/75 | PUR | 200 × 200 |
PUR5 | 45/120/45 | PUR | 200 × 200 |
PUR6 | 60/120/75 | PUR | 200 × 200 |
PUR7 | 45/120/60 | PUR | 200 × 200 |
Load Type | Load Design Value, kN/m |
---|---|
Dead load of roof slab | 5.85 |
Snow load | 1.50 |
Wind suction load | 1.00 |
Loading Situation | Intervals and Number of Steps | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BC | SW | F | W | T | 3F | Failure | |
Centric | 1 | 10 | 200 | - | - | 200 | 1000 |
Eccentric | 1 | 10 | 200 | - | - | 200 | 1000 |
Eccentric + wind | 1 | 10 | 200 | 20 | - | 200 | 1000 |
Eccentric + temperature (winter) | 1 | 10 | 200 | - | 30 | 200 | 1000 |
Eccentric + temperature (summer) | 1 | 10 | 200 | - | 30 | 200 | 1000 |
Demoulding(vertical section) | 1 | - | 200 | - | - | 200 | 1000 |
Demoulding(horizontal section) | 1 | - | 200 | - | - | 200 | 1000 |
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Skadiņš, U.; Kuļevskis, K.; Vulāns, A.; Brencis, R. Thin-Layer Fibre-Reinforced Concrete Sandwich Walls: Numerical Evaluation. Fibers 2023, 11, 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11020019
Skadiņš U, Kuļevskis K, Vulāns A, Brencis R. Thin-Layer Fibre-Reinforced Concrete Sandwich Walls: Numerical Evaluation. Fibers. 2023; 11(2):19. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11020019
Chicago/Turabian StyleSkadiņš, Ulvis, Kristens Kuļevskis, Andris Vulāns, and Raitis Brencis. 2023. "Thin-Layer Fibre-Reinforced Concrete Sandwich Walls: Numerical Evaluation" Fibers 11, no. 2: 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/fib11020019