Study on the Mechanism and Control Technology of Biodeterioration at the Sanyangzhuang Earthen Site

Chang, Xiang; Ye, Yu; Ma, Qingwen; Yan, Haitao; Li, Zhining; Guo, Fang

doi:10.3390/coatings15050617

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Study on the Mechanism and Control Technology of Biodeterioration at the Sanyangzhuang Earthen Site

by

Xiang Chang

^1,†,

Yu Ye

^2,†,

Qingwen Ma

^1,3,*,

Haitao Yan

⁴,

Zhining Li

¹ and

Fang Guo

¹

School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China

²

Zhengzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Zhengzhou 450001, China

³

State Key Laboratory of Tunnel Boring Machine and Intelligent Operations, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China

⁴

Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Heritage and Archaeology, Zhengzhou 450004, China

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

^†

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Coatings 2025, 15(5), 617; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15050617

Submission received: 17 April 2025 / Revised: 19 May 2025 / Accepted: 20 May 2025 / Published: 21 May 2025

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Aspects in Colloid and Interface Science)

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Abstract

Biodeterioration poses a significant challenge in the conservation of cultural heritage, particularly for earthen sites in humid environments, which are highly susceptible due to their inherent material properties. To address the diverse biological threats affecting such sites, we developed a novel broad-spectrum biocide, FACA, formulated by combining phenylcarbamoylthiazoles and isothiaquinolones to achieve triple efficacy: antimicrobial, anti-algal, and anti-lichen effects. Laboratory assessments demonstrated FACA’s rapid efficacy in eliminating molds, algae, and lichens. A 12-month field application at the Sanyangzhuang earthen site (Neihuang, Henan) yielded excellent results, confirming long-term protection against biological colonization without recurrence. Crucially, the treatment exhibited no adverse effects on the earthen sites, enabling sustainable coexistence between the heritage site and its surrounding ecosystem. These findings support the applicability of FACA for surface treatment across various humid earthen archeological sites.

Keywords: earthen site; control technology; broad-spectrum biocide; biodeterioration

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MDPI and ACS Style

Chang, X.; Ye, Y.; Ma, Q.; Yan, H.; Li, Z.; Guo, F. Study on the Mechanism and Control Technology of Biodeterioration at the Sanyangzhuang Earthen Site. Coatings 2025, 15, 617. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15050617

AMA Style

Chang X, Ye Y, Ma Q, Yan H, Li Z, Guo F. Study on the Mechanism and Control Technology of Biodeterioration at the Sanyangzhuang Earthen Site. Coatings. 2025; 15(5):617. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15050617

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chang, Xiang, Yu Ye, Qingwen Ma, Haitao Yan, Zhining Li, and Fang Guo. 2025. "Study on the Mechanism and Control Technology of Biodeterioration at the Sanyangzhuang Earthen Site" Coatings 15, no. 5: 617. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15050617

APA Style

Chang, X., Ye, Y., Ma, Q., Yan, H., Li, Z., & Guo, F. (2025). Study on the Mechanism and Control Technology of Biodeterioration at the Sanyangzhuang Earthen Site. Coatings, 15(5), 617. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15050617

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

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Study on the Mechanism and Control Technology of Biodeterioration at the Sanyangzhuang Earthen Site

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