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Article

Atomic Layer Deposition of Chlorine Containing Titanium–Zinc Oxide Nanofilms Using the Supercycle Approach

by
Denis Nazarov
1,2,*,
Lada Kozlova
1,
Aida Rudakova
1,
Elena Zemtsova
1,
Natalia Yudintceva
3,
Elizaveta Ovcharenko
3,
Alexandra Koroleva
1,
Igor Kasatkin
1,
Ludmila Kraeva
4,
Elizaveta Rogacheva
4 and
Maxim Maximov
2
1
Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab., 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
2
Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya, 29, Saint Petersburg 195221, Russia
3
Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Tikhoretsky Ave., 4, Saint Petersburg 194064, Russia
4
Saint-Petersburg Pasteur Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 14 Mira Street, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Coatings 2023, 13(5), 960; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13050960
Submission received: 15 April 2023 / Revised: 7 May 2023 / Accepted: 17 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Deposition and Surface Modification of Oxide Thin Films and Nanocoatings)
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Abstract

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a useful tool for producing ultrathin films and coatings of complex composition with high thickness control for a wide range of applications. In this study, the growth of zinc–titanium oxide nanofilms was investigated. Diethyl zinc, titanium tetrachloride, and water were used as precursors. The supercycle approach was used, and wide ZnO/TiO2 (ZTO) ALD cycles were prepared: 5/1, 3/1, 2/1, 1/1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/5, 1/10, 1/20. Spectral ellipsometry, X-ray reflectometry, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, SEM-EDX, and contact angle measurements were used to characterize the thickness, morphology, and composition of the films. The results show that the thicknesses of the coatings differ considerably from those calculated using the rule of mixtures. At high ZnO/TiO2 ratios, the thickness is much lower than expected and with increasing titanium oxide content the thickness increases significantly. The surface of the ZTO samples contains a significant amount of chlorine in the form of zinc chloride and an excessive amount of titanium. The evaluation of the antibacterial properties showed significant activity of the ZTO–1/1 sample against antibiotic-resistant strains and no negative effect on the morphology and adhesion of human mesenchymal stem cells. These results suggest that by tuning the surface composition of ALD-derived ZTO samples, it may be possible to obtain a multi-functional material for use in medical applications.
Keywords: atomic layer deposition; thin films; titanium oxide; zinc oxide; ternary oxides; zinc titanium oxide atomic layer deposition; thin films; titanium oxide; zinc oxide; ternary oxides; zinc titanium oxide

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MDPI and ACS Style

Nazarov, D.; Kozlova, L.; Rudakova, A.; Zemtsova, E.; Yudintceva, N.; Ovcharenko, E.; Koroleva, A.; Kasatkin, I.; Kraeva, L.; Rogacheva, E.; et al. Atomic Layer Deposition of Chlorine Containing Titanium–Zinc Oxide Nanofilms Using the Supercycle Approach. Coatings 2023, 13, 960. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13050960

AMA Style

Nazarov D, Kozlova L, Rudakova A, Zemtsova E, Yudintceva N, Ovcharenko E, Koroleva A, Kasatkin I, Kraeva L, Rogacheva E, et al. Atomic Layer Deposition of Chlorine Containing Titanium–Zinc Oxide Nanofilms Using the Supercycle Approach. Coatings. 2023; 13(5):960. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13050960

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nazarov, Denis, Lada Kozlova, Aida Rudakova, Elena Zemtsova, Natalia Yudintceva, Elizaveta Ovcharenko, Alexandra Koroleva, Igor Kasatkin, Ludmila Kraeva, Elizaveta Rogacheva, and et al. 2023. "Atomic Layer Deposition of Chlorine Containing Titanium–Zinc Oxide Nanofilms Using the Supercycle Approach" Coatings 13, no. 5: 960. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13050960

APA Style

Nazarov, D., Kozlova, L., Rudakova, A., Zemtsova, E., Yudintceva, N., Ovcharenko, E., Koroleva, A., Kasatkin, I., Kraeva, L., Rogacheva, E., & Maximov, M. (2023). Atomic Layer Deposition of Chlorine Containing Titanium–Zinc Oxide Nanofilms Using the Supercycle Approach. Coatings, 13(5), 960. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13050960

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