Application of Auricularia cornea as a Pork Fat Replacement in Cooked Sausage
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Sausages Formulation and Processing
2.3. Proximate Composition and Energy Value
2.4. Water Activity and pH
2.5. Color
2.6. Cooking Loss and Water Holding Capacity
2.7. Textural Profile Analysis
2.8. Free Amino Acids
2.9. Free Fatty Acids
2.10. Sensory Evaluation
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Proximate Composition and Energy Value
3.2. Water Activity and pH
3.3. Color
3.4. Cooking Loss and Water Holding Capacity
3.5. Textural Profile Analysis
3.6. Free Amino Acids
3.7. Free Fatty Acids
3.8. Sensory Evaluation
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredients (%) | Control | AC25 | AC50 | AC75 | AC100 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pork lean meat | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 |
Pork back fat | 21 | 15.75 | 10.5 | 5.25 | 0 |
AC | 0 | 5.25 | 10.5 | 15.75 | 21 |
Salt | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
Sugar | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
White pepper | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
Carrageenan | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
Isolated soy protein | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.8 |
Dry starch | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 |
Ice | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Parameters | Control | AC25 | AC50 | AC75 | AC100 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Protein | 12.65 ± 0.14 a | 12.83 ± 0.07 a | 13.16 ± 0.21 b | 13.47 ± 0.02 b | 14.46 ± 0.02 c |
Fat | 17.77 ± 0.65 e | 15.53 ± 0.05 d | 8.34 ± 0.05 c | 5.47 ± 0.04 b | 2.21 ± 0.27 a |
Moisturer | 53.69 ± 0.09 a | 54.56 ± 0.06 b | 62.68 ± 0.08 c | 67.69 ± 0.04 d | 70.68 ± 0.08 e |
Ash | 3.12 ± 0.01 a | 3.22 ± 0.01 b | 3.53 ± 0.03 c | 3.55 ± 0.05 c | 3.57 ± 0.06 c |
Carbohydrate | 12.77 ± 0.09 b | 13.86 ± 0.05 a | 12.29 ± 0.01 c | 9.82 ± 0.01 d | 9.08 ± 0.02 e |
Energy value | 261.61 | 246.53 | 176.86 | 142.39 | 114.05 |
Water activity | 0.99 ± 0.01 a | 0.98 ± 0.00 a | 0.98 ± 0.00 a | 0.98 ± 0.00 a | 0.98 ± 0.00 a |
pH | 6.33 ± 0.03 b | 6.30 ± 0.01 b | 6.23 ± 0.03 a | 6.21 ± 0.02 a | 6.20 ± 0.01 a |
Cooking loss | 5.13 ± 0.12 a | 11.73 ± 0.07 b | 12.79 ± 0.08 c | 13.69 ± 0.08 d | 14.68 ± 0.09 e |
Water holding capacity | 82.08 ± 0.1 a | 83.27 ± 0.01 b | 86.45 ± 0.24 c | 88.49 ± 0.36 d | 91.16 ± 0.51 e |
Parameters | Control | AC25 | AC50 | AC75 | AC100 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
L* | 54.37 ± 1.80 a | 55.43 ± 1.13 a,b | 56.44 ± 0.30 b | 57.43 ± 0.67 b | 59.68 ± 0.84 c |
A* | 16.06 ± 1.74 b | 15.25 ± 0.37 b | 14.28 ± 1.21 a,b | 14.31 ± 0.40 a,b | 13.23 ± 0.45 a |
B* | 15.08 ± 0.36 a | 16.91 ± 0.62 b | 17.33 ± 0.84 b,c | 17.03 ± 0.26 b,c | 17.98 ± 0.42 c |
ΔE* | 58.66 ± 2.24 a | 59.92 ± 1.42 a,b | 60.74 ± 0.68 a,b | 61.58 ± 0.28 b,c | 63.71 ± 0.64 c |
Whiteness | 49.33 ± 2.15 a | 49.95 ± 1.47 a,b | 50.99 ± 0.70 a,b | 51.97 ± 0.31 b,c | 53.91 ± 0.52 c |
Hardness (N) | 155.63 ± 11.14 b | 141.17 ± 5.97 b | 107.23 ± 8.15 a | 102.70 ± 6.48 a | 102.86 ± 4.36 a |
Springiness (mm) | 3.50 ± 0.22 a | 3.58 ± 0.36 a,b | 3.63 ± 0.59 a,b | 3.88 ± 0.22 a,b | 4.23 ± 0.42 b |
Gumminess (N) | 85.23 ± 13.31 c | 54.33 ± 7.26 b | 28.50 ± 8.94 a | 25.67 ± 4.48 a | 23.43 ± 5.87 a |
Chewiness (N) | 248.49 ± 8.60 a | 253.13 ± 7.85 a | 255.63 ± 7.09 a | 262.12 ± 6.92 b | 268.59 ± 8.94 b |
Cohesiveness | 0.55 ± 0.03 c | 0.39 ± 0.07 b | 0.27 ± 0.03 a | 0.26 ± 0.01 a | 0.23 ± 0.06 a |
Parameters | Control | AC25 | AC50 | AC75 | AC100 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Essential | |||||
Valine | 1.61 ± 0.02 e | 1.48 ± 0.05 d | 1.43 ± 0.00 c | 1.29 ± 0.01 b | 0.98 ± 0.00 a |
Threonine | 0.67 ± 0.00 e | 0.64 ± 0.00 d | 0.60 ± 0.00 c | 0.54 ± 0.01 b | 0.47 ± 0.02 a |
Lysine | 1.41 ± 0.00 d | 1.30 ± 0.06 c | 1.30 ± 0.00 c | 1.13 ± 0.00 b | 0.95 ± 0.00 a |
Methionine | 0.16 ± 0.00 c | 0.15 ± 0.00 c | 0.12 ± 0.01 b | 0.08 ± 0.01 a | 0.10 ± 0.00 a |
Isoleucine | 0.53 ± 0.00 a | 0.63 ± 0.01 b | 0.70 ± 0.00 c | 0.77 ± 0.01 d | 0.79 ± 0.00 e |
Leucine | 0.93 ± 0.01 a | 1.09 ± 0.00 b | 1.24 ± 0.03 c | 1.31 ± 0.01 d | 1.38 ± 0.03 e |
Phenylalanine | 0.73 ± 0.01 d | 0.73 ± 0.00 d | 0.66 ± 0.00 c | 0.60 ± 0.00 b | 0.51 ± 0.03 a |
Histidine | 0.58 ± 0.02 d | 0.53 ± 0.00 cd | 0.51 ± 0.06 bc | 0.46 ± 0.01 ab | 0.45 ± 0.00 a |
Non-essential | |||||
Serine | 0.71 ± 0.00 e | 0.64 ± 0.00 d | 0.58 ± 0.00 c | 0.56 ± 0.01 b | 0.48 ± 0.01 a |
Arginine | 1.16 ± 0.04 d | 1.03 ± 0.00 c | 1.01 ± 0.03 c | 0.89 ± 0.00 b | 0.74 ± 0.00 a |
Glycine | 0.92 ± 0.00 e | 0.84 ± 0.00 d | 0.67 ± 0.00 c | 0.66 ± 0.00 b | 0.56 ± 0.00 a |
Aspartic acid | 1.64 ± 0.00 d | 1.62 ± 0.01 d | 1.53 ± 0.03 c | 1.40 ± 0.06 b | 1.15 ± 0.05 a |
Glutamic acid | 2.65 ± 0.03 d | 2.59 ± 0.05 d | 2.40 ± 0.05 c | 2.17 ± 0.03 b | 1.87 ± 0.01 a |
Alanine | 0.99 ± 0.00 d | 0.91 ± 0.03 c | 0.94 ± 0.03 c | 0.77 ± 0.00 b | 0.66 ± 0.00 a |
Proline | 0.88 ± 0.03 a | 0.91 ± 0.03 a | 0.95 ± 0.00 b | 1.17 ± 0.02 c | 1.26 ± 0.26 d |
Cysteine | 0.09 ± 0.00 c | 0.08 ± 0.00 b,c | 0.07 ± 0.01 b | 0.07 ± 0.00 b | 0.04 ± 0.01 a |
Tyrosine | 0.56 ± 0.01 e | 0.49 ± 0.01 c | 0.49 ± 0.00 c | 0.42 ± 0.00 b | 0.35 ± 0.00 a |
Fatty Acid | Control | AC25 | AC50 | AC75 | AC100 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(C12:0) | 0.08 ± 0.00 b | 0.08 ± 0.00 b | 0.08 ± 0.00 b | 0.07 ± 0.00 a,b | 0.06 ± 0.00 a |
(C14:0) | 1.37 ± 0.02 d | 1.31 ± 0.01 c | 1.26 ± 0.01 b | 1.25 ± 0.00 b | 1.23 ± 0.00 a |
(C16:0) | 23.72 ± 0.00 a | 23.89 ± 0.01 b | 24.15 ± 0.00 c | 24.31 ± 0.00 d | 24.93 ± 0.00 e |
(C17:0) | 0.32 ± 0.00 d | 0.27 ± 0.00 c | 0.28 ± 0.00 c | 0.24 ± 0.01 b | 0.20 ± 0.01 a |
(C18:0) | 15.73 ± 0.00 e | 15.16 ± 0.00 d | 14.69 ± 0.01 c | 14.49 ± 0.00 b | 11.81 ± 0.01 a |
(C20:0) | 0.26 ± 0.01 d | 0.24 ± 0.00 c | 0.23 ± 0.01 b,c | 0.22 ± 0.00 b | 0.16 ± 0.00 a |
SFA | 41.48 ± 0.01 e | 40.95 ± 0.02 d | 40.69 ± 0.01 c | 40.58 ±0.01 b | 38.39 ± 0.02 a |
(C18:1) | 38.78 ± 0.00 a | 39.21 ± 0.01 b | 39.46 ± 0.01 c | 42.43 ± 0.00 d | 46.55 ± 0.00 e |
(C16:1) | 1.68 ± 0.01 a | 1.86 ± 0.00 b | 1.90 ± 0.01 c | 2.31 ± 0.00 d | 2.38 ± 0.00 e |
(C17:1) | 0.25 ± 0.01 d | 0.23 ± 0.01 c | 0.23 ± 0.00 c | 0.17 ± 0.00 b | 0.15 ± 0.01 a |
(C20:1) | 1.71 ± 0.01 c | 1.46 ± 0.01 b | 1.46 ± 0.00 b | 1.47 ± 0.00 b | 0.92 ± 0.04 a |
MUFA | 42.42 ± 0.03 a | 42.76 ± 0.03 b | 43.05 ± 0.02 c | 46.38 ± 0.00 d | 50.00 ± 0.04 e |
(C18:2) | 15.60 ± 0.01 e | 15.48 ± 0.01 d | 14.39 ± 0.00 c | 12.15 ± 0.00 b | 9.76 ± 0.00 a |
(C20:4) | 0.41 ± 0.00 a | 0.42 ± 0.01 a | 0.47 ± 0.01 b | 0.66 ± 0.00 c | 0.72 ± 0.00 d |
PUFA | 16.01 ± 0.01 e | 15.90 ± 0.00 d | 14.86 ± 0.01 c | 12.81 ± 0.00 b | 10.48 ± 0.00 a |
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Fu, Y.; Zhang, L.; Cong, M.; Wan, K.; Jiang, G.; Dai, S.; Wang, L.; Liu, X. Application of Auricularia cornea as a Pork Fat Replacement in Cooked Sausage. Coatings 2021, 11, 1432. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111432
Fu Y, Zhang L, Cong M, Wan K, Jiang G, Dai S, Wang L, Liu X. Application of Auricularia cornea as a Pork Fat Replacement in Cooked Sausage. Coatings. 2021; 11(11):1432. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111432
Chicago/Turabian StyleFu, Yuan, Long Zhang, Mengdi Cong, Kang Wan, Guochuan Jiang, Siqi Dai, Liyan Wang, and Xuejun Liu. 2021. "Application of Auricularia cornea as a Pork Fat Replacement in Cooked Sausage" Coatings 11, no. 11: 1432. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111432