Essential Oils as a Good Weapon against Drug-Resistant Candida auris
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Essential Oils Composition
2.2. Antifungal Susceptibility Testing
2.2.1. Fluconazole
2.2.2. Essential Oils
Planktonic Antimicrobial Susceptibilities
Biofilms Antimicrobial Susceptibilities
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Essential Oils
4.2. Microorganisms and Culture Conditions in This Study
4.3. Antifungal Susceptibility Testing
4.3.1. Fluconazole
4.3.2. Essential Oils
Planktonic Antimicrobial Susceptibilities
Biofilm Antimicrobial Susceptibilities
4.4. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tea Tree Oil | Cajeput Oil | Niaouli Oil | White Thyme Oil | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Compounds | (%) | Compounds | (%) | Compounds | (%) | Compounds | (%) |
Terpinen-4-ol | 42.20 | Cineole | 64.83 | p-Cymene +Limonene+1,8-cineole | 57.14 | Borneol | 31.86 |
γ-terpinene | 21.38 | α-terpineol | 11.19 | α-pinene | 12.00 | α-terpineol | 15.95 |
α-terpinene | 10.19 | Linalool | 3.21 | α-terpineol | 8.55 | Carvacrol | 8.63 |
Terpinolene | 3.46 | Myrcene | 1.81 | Viridiflorol | 7.29 | Camphene | 7.26 |
α-terpineol | 3.25 | α-pinene | 1.71 | β-pinene | 3.46 | trans-β-Caryophyllene | 6.62 |
1,8-cineole | 3.03 | γ-terpinene | 1.71 | β-Caryophyllene | 1.22 | Bornyl acetate + Thymol | 4.54 |
α-pinene | 2.52 | Terpinolene | 1.31 | Ledene | 1.19 | α-pinene | 4.12 |
p-Cymene | 1.49 | β-selinene | 1.28 | γ-terpinene | 1.04 | Linalool | 2.92 |
Limonene | 1.08 | Sabinene | 1.23 | Terpinen-4-ol | 1.01 | p-Cymene | 2.14 |
Aromadendrene | 1.00 | α-caryophyllene | 0.92 | Nerolidol | 0.73 | Terpinen-4-ol | 1.85 |
Bicyclogermacrene | 0.85 | Terpinen-4-ol | 0.91 | Ledol | 0.73 | γ-terpinene | 1.83 |
Ledene | 0.82 | α-selinene | 0.89 | β-myrcene | 0.56 | Camphor | 1.27 |
δ-cadinene | 0.78 | Caryophyllene oxide | 0.89 | Alloaromadendrene | 0.38 | Limonene | 1.07 |
Myrcene | 0.72 | β-eudesmol | 0.57 | Terpinolene | 0.34 | Thymol methyl ether | 0.82 |
α-thujene | 0.71 | α-eudesmol | 0.55 | α-terpinene | 0.26 | β-pinene | 0.78 |
β-phellandrene | 0.68 | α-terpinene | 0.54 | Linalool | 0.24 | 1,8-cineole | 0.73 |
β-pinene | 0.66 | p-Cymene | 0.43 | Benzaldehyde | 0.22 | α-terpinene | 0.49 |
Sabinene | 0.47 | Germacrene D | 0.33 | α-Caryophyllene | 0.20 | y-cadinene | 0.47 |
α-phellandrene | 0.37 | α-phellandrene | 0.26 | β-selinene | 0.20 | δ-cadinene | 0.44 |
Linalool | 0.36 | Borneol | 0.25 | y-cadinene | 0.18 | Terpinolene | 0.41 |
Alloaromadendrene | 0.32 | Geranyl acetate | 0.25 | Camphene | 0.18 | Caryophyllene oxide | 0.36 |
Globulol | 0.29 | α-thujene | 0.20 | δ-cadinene | 0.16 | Myrcene | 0.35 |
α-gurgujene | 0.25 | Benzaldehyde | 0.16 | Isopulegol | 0.13 | Tricyclene | 0.33 |
trans-β-Caryophyllene | 0.25 | 10-epi-gamma-eudesmol | 0.10 | α-phellandrene | 0.11 | α-thujene | 0.25 |
Viridiflorol | 0.24 | α-Copaene | 0.06 | α-thujene | 0.11 | Ethanol | 0.17 |
α-Copaene | 0.10 | Citronellol | 0.07 | ||||
Alcool fenchylique | 0.07 | ||||||
Borneol | 0.06 | ||||||
Patchoulene | 0.06 | ||||||
Methyl benzoate | 0.05 | ||||||
trans-β-ocimene | 0.04 |
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Fernandes, L.; Ribeiro, R.; Costa, R.; Henriques, M.; Rodrigues, M.E. Essential Oils as a Good Weapon against Drug-Resistant Candida auris. Antibiotics 2022, 11, 977. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11070977
Fernandes L, Ribeiro R, Costa R, Henriques M, Rodrigues ME. Essential Oils as a Good Weapon against Drug-Resistant Candida auris. Antibiotics. 2022; 11(7):977. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11070977
Chicago/Turabian StyleFernandes, Liliana, Rita Ribeiro, Raquel Costa, Mariana Henriques, and M. Elisa Rodrigues. 2022. "Essential Oils as a Good Weapon against Drug-Resistant Candida auris" Antibiotics 11, no. 7: 977. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11070977