The Urinary Resistome of Clinically Healthy Companion Dogs: Potential One Health Implications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Subjects included, Urine Sample Collection, and Analysis of Urine (UA)
4.2. DNA Extraction and Urine Microbiota 16S Analysis
4.3. Bioinformatics and Statistical Analysis
4.4. Detection of the Urinary Resistome
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Animal Care and Use Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AMR | antimicrobial resistance |
CDC | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
IFAP | industrial food animal production |
MLS | macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins |
WHO | World Health Organization |
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Antibiotics | AMR Gene | Enzyme Conferring AMR | Positives (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Aminoglycosides | aph(3′)Ia | aminoglycoside.phosphotransferase | 11 (22%) |
ant(4′)Ib | kanamycin.nucleotidyltransferase | 2 (4%) | |
MLS: Macrolides Lincosamides Streptogramins | ermB | 23S.ribosomal.rna.methyltransferase | 7 (14%) |
ermX | 23S.ribosomal.rna.methyltransferase | 3 (6%) | |
mphD | Macrolide.2.phosphotransferase | 1 (2%) | |
msr(D) | ABC.F.ribosomal.protection.protein | 1 (2%) | |
ermC | 23S.ribosomal.rna.methyltransferase | 1 (2%) | |
lnuA | lincosamide.nucleotidyltransferase | 1 (2%) | |
Beta-lactams | blaZ | staph.blaZ | 2 (4%) |
Sulfonamides | sul2 | sulfonamide.resistant.dihydropteroate.synthase | 2 (4%) |
Amphenicols | cat | chloramphenicol.acetyltransferase | 1 (2%) |
Quinolones | gyrA | staphylococcus.pseudintermedius.250TTG | 1 (2%) |
Tetracyclines | tetC | tetracycline.efflux.pump | 1 (2%) |
Bacterial Species (Relative Abundances in Urine Samples) | Genes Detected Against | Intrinsic Resistances Against |
---|---|---|
Bifidobacterium longum (3.1%); Escherichia-Shigella coli (6.5%); Lachnoclostridium spp. (1.5%); Rothia mucilaginosa (5.4%) | Clindamycin, Lincomycin, Erythromycin, Azithromycin | |
Campylobacter upsaliensis (0.1%) | Clindamycin | |
Corynebacterium auriscanis (45.6%); C. genitalium (4.1%); C. mucifaciens (26.9%); C. pilbarense (9.6%); C. simulans (1.7%); C. pseudogenitalium-tuberculostearicum (0.7%, 3.0%, 4.2%); C. ureicelerivorans (5.9%); Lactobacillus aviarius (2.2%); L. fabifermentans (0.1%); L. vaginalis (1.6%); Staphylococcus cohnii (1.1%); S. capitis-caprae (1.1%); S. epidermidis (1.3%, 2.5%); S. felis (4.6%); S. hominis (8.3%) | Nalidixic acid | |
Corynebacterium pseudogenitalium-tuberculostearicum (4.2%) | Clindamycin, Lincomycin, Erythromycin, Azithromycin, Neomycin, Amikacin, Gentamicin | Nalidixic acid |
Corynebacterium ureicelerivorans (1.9%); Enterococcus cecorum (2.06%); Lactobacillus johnsonii (1.6%); L. salivarius (4.5%); Staphylococcus epidermidis (0.5%); S. hominis (0.3%) | Clindamycin, Lincomycin, Erythromycin, Azithromycin | Nalidixic acid |
Escherichia-Shigella boydii-coli-fergusonii (0.9%) | Neomycin, Amikacin, Gentamicin | |
Haemophilus parainfluenzae (0.6%) | Clindamycin | |
Pseudomonas spp. (4.0%, 7.1%, 8.2%, 14.4%, 20.4%); P. moraviensis (0.2%) | Cefadroxil, Cefazolin, Cefoxitin, Clindamycin, Erythromycin, Azithromycin, Rifampicin | |
Staphylococcus hominis (3.8%); S. simulans (6.7%); S. pseudintermedius (17.8%); S. delphini-intermedius-pseudintermedius (100.0%) | Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Oxacillin, Benzylpenicillin | Nalidixic acid |
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (3.0%) Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (5.7%) | Sulfonamide | Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Cefadroxil, Cefazolin, Cefpodoxime, Ceftiofur, Cefovecin, Cefoxitin, Clindamycin, Erythromycin, Azithromycin, Doxycycline, Tetracycline, Neomycin, Amikacin, Gentamicin, Clavamox, Piperacillin/Tazobactam, Imipenem, Rifampicin |
Streptococcus alactolyticus (1.4%); S. canis (2.6%, 44.2%); S. gordonii (1.6%); S. oralis (2.0%); S. parasanguinis (16.8%); S. salivarius (0.4%, 6.7%); S. salivarius-thermophilus (1.1%); S. sanguinis (0.4%, 3.4%) | Neomycin, Amikacin, Gentamicin, Nalidixic acid | |
Streptococcus cristatus (1.3%); S. sanguinis (1.3%) | Clindamycin, Lincomycin, Erythromycin, Azithromycin, | Neomycin, Amikacin, Gentamicin, Nalidixic acid |
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Melgarejo, T.; Sharp, N.; Krumbeck, J.A.; Wu, G.; Kim, Y.J.; Linde, A. The Urinary Resistome of Clinically Healthy Companion Dogs: Potential One Health Implications. Antibiotics 2022, 11, 780. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11060780
Melgarejo T, Sharp N, Krumbeck JA, Wu G, Kim YJ, Linde A. The Urinary Resistome of Clinically Healthy Companion Dogs: Potential One Health Implications. Antibiotics. 2022; 11(6):780. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11060780
Chicago/Turabian StyleMelgarejo, Tonatiuh, Nathan Sharp, Janina A. Krumbeck, Guangxi Wu, Young J. Kim, and Annika Linde. 2022. "The Urinary Resistome of Clinically Healthy Companion Dogs: Potential One Health Implications" Antibiotics 11, no. 6: 780. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11060780