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Antibiotics
Volume 11
Issue 5
10.3390/antibiotics11050615
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Article

Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Enterococcus Isolates from Cattle and Pigs in Portugal: Linezolid Resistance Genes optrA and poxtA

by
Joana Gião
1,2,
Célia Leão
1,3,
Teresa Albuquerque
1,
Lurdes Clemente
1,4 and
Ana Amaro
1,*
1
Laboratory of Bacteriology and Mycology, INIAV—National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
2
Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Évora, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal
3
MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
4
CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Antibiotics 2022, 11(5), 615; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11050615
Submission received: 7 April 2022 / Revised: 22 April 2022 / Accepted: 26 April 2022 / Published: 3 May 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance and Antibiotic Alternatives in Livestock)
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Abstract

Enterococci are part of the commensal gut microbiota of mammals, with Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium being the most clinically relevant species. This study assesses the prevalence and diversity of enterococcal species in cattle (n = 201) and pig (n = 249) cecal samples collected in 2017. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of E. faecium (n = 48) and E. faecalis (n = 84) were assessed by agar and microdilution methods. Resistance genes were screened through PCR and nine strains were analyzed by Whole Genome Sequencing. A wide range of enterococci species was found colonizing the intestines of pigs and cattle. Overall, the prevalence of resistance to critically important antibiotics was low (except for erythromycin), and no glycopeptide-resistant isolates were identified. Two daptomycin-resistant E. faecalis ST58 and ST93 were found. Linezolid-resistant strains of E. faecalis (n = 3) and E. faecium (n = 1) were detected. Moreover, oxazolidinone resistance determinants optrA (n = 8) and poxtA (n = 2) were found in E. faecalis (ST16, ST58, ST207, ST474, ST1178) and E. faecium (ST22, ST2138). Multiple variants of optrA were found in different genetic contexts, either in the chromosome or plasmids. We highlight the importance of animals as reservoirs of resistance genes to critically important antibiotics.
Keywords: Enterococcus spp.; pigs; cattle; Linezolid resistance; optrA gene; WGS Enterococcus spp.; pigs; cattle; Linezolid resistance; optrA gene; WGS

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MDPI and ACS Style

Gião, J.; Leão, C.; Albuquerque, T.; Clemente, L.; Amaro, A. Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Enterococcus Isolates from Cattle and Pigs in Portugal: Linezolid Resistance Genes optrA and poxtA. Antibiotics 2022, 11, 615. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11050615

AMA Style

Gião J, Leão C, Albuquerque T, Clemente L, Amaro A. Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Enterococcus Isolates from Cattle and Pigs in Portugal: Linezolid Resistance Genes optrA and poxtA. Antibiotics. 2022; 11(5):615. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11050615

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gião, Joana, Célia Leão, Teresa Albuquerque, Lurdes Clemente, and Ana Amaro. 2022. "Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Enterococcus Isolates from Cattle and Pigs in Portugal: Linezolid Resistance Genes optrA and poxtA" Antibiotics 11, no. 5: 615. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11050615

APA Style

Gião, J., Leão, C., Albuquerque, T., Clemente, L., & Amaro, A. (2022). Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Enterococcus Isolates from Cattle and Pigs in Portugal: Linezolid Resistance Genes optrA and poxtA. Antibiotics, 11(5), 615. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11050615

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