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Volume 15
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10.3390/nano15060423
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Article

Unlocking the Potential of Na2Ti3O7-C Hollow Microspheres in Sodium-Ion Batteries via Template-Free Synthesis

by
Yong-Gang Sun
1,
Yu Hu
1,
Li Dong
1,
Ting-Ting Zhou
1,
Xiang-Yu Qian
1,
Fa-Jia Zhang
1,
Jia-Qi Shen
1,
Zhi-Yang Shan
1,
Li-Ping Yang
1,2,* and
Xi-Jie Lin
3,*
1
School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
2
School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
3
School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(6), 423; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060423
Submission received: 15 February 2025 / Revised: 2 March 2025 / Accepted: 4 March 2025 / Published: 10 March 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)
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Abstract

Layered sodium trititanate (Na2Ti3O7) is a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries due to its suitable charge/discharge plateaus, cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendliness. However, its slow Na+ diffusion kinetics, poor electron conductivity, and instability during cycling pose significant challenges for practical applications. To address these issues, we developed a template-free method to synthesize Na2Ti3O7-C hollow microspheres. The synthesis began with polymerization-induced colloid aggregation to form a TiO2–urea–formaldehyde (TiO2-UF) precursor, which was then subjected to heat treatment to induce inward crystallization, creating hollow cavities within the microspheres. The hollow structure, combined with a conductive carbon matrix, significantly enhanced the cycling performance and rate capability of the material. When used as an anode, the Na2Ti3O7-C hollow microspheres exhibited a high reversible capacity of 188 mAh g−1 at 0.2C and retained 169 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles. Additionally, the material demonstrated excellent rate performance with capacities of 157, 133, 105, 77, 62, and 45 mAh g−1 at current densities of 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20C, respectively. This innovative approach provides a new strategy for developing high-performance sodium-ion battery anodes and has the potential to significantly advance the field of energy storage.
Keywords: sodium-ion batteries; hollow structure; template-free method; anode materials; Na2Ti3O7-C; cycling stability sodium-ion batteries; hollow structure; template-free method; anode materials; Na2Ti3O7-C; cycling stability

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MDPI and ACS Style

Sun, Y.-G.; Hu, Y.; Dong, L.; Zhou, T.-T.; Qian, X.-Y.; Zhang, F.-J.; Shen, J.-Q.; Shan, Z.-Y.; Yang, L.-P.; Lin, X.-J. Unlocking the Potential of Na2Ti3O7-C Hollow Microspheres in Sodium-Ion Batteries via Template-Free Synthesis. Nanomaterials 2025, 15, 423. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060423

AMA Style

Sun Y-G, Hu Y, Dong L, Zhou T-T, Qian X-Y, Zhang F-J, Shen J-Q, Shan Z-Y, Yang L-P, Lin X-J. Unlocking the Potential of Na2Ti3O7-C Hollow Microspheres in Sodium-Ion Batteries via Template-Free Synthesis. Nanomaterials. 2025; 15(6):423. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060423

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sun, Yong-Gang, Yu Hu, Li Dong, Ting-Ting Zhou, Xiang-Yu Qian, Fa-Jia Zhang, Jia-Qi Shen, Zhi-Yang Shan, Li-Ping Yang, and Xi-Jie Lin. 2025. "Unlocking the Potential of Na2Ti3O7-C Hollow Microspheres in Sodium-Ion Batteries via Template-Free Synthesis" Nanomaterials 15, no. 6: 423. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060423

APA Style

Sun, Y.-G., Hu, Y., Dong, L., Zhou, T.-T., Qian, X.-Y., Zhang, F.-J., Shen, J.-Q., Shan, Z.-Y., Yang, L.-P., & Lin, X.-J. (2025). Unlocking the Potential of Na2Ti3O7-C Hollow Microspheres in Sodium-Ion Batteries via Template-Free Synthesis. Nanomaterials, 15(6), 423. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15060423

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