Effect of Cyrtostachys renda Fiber Loading on the Mechanical, Morphology, and Flammability Properties of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes/Phenolic Bio-Composites
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Fabrication of Polymer Composites
2.3. Characterization
2.3.1. Physical Properties
Density and Void Content
Water Absorption and Thickness Swelling
2.3.2. Mechanical Properties
Tensile Strength
Flexural Strength
Impact
2.3.3. Morphology
2.3.4. Flammability Properties
Underwriters Laboratories (UL 94)
Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI)
2.4. Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Physical Properties of CR Fiber-Reinforced MWCNT-Phenolic Composites
3.2. Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composites
3.2.1. Tensile Strength
3.2.2. Morphology
3.2.3. Flexural Strength
3.2.4. Impact Strength
3.3. Flammability Properties of Polymer Composites
3.3.1. Underwriters Laboratories Test Standard (UL94 Horizontal Burning Test)
3.3.2. Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI)
3.4. TOPSIS Method
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Designation Ratio of Composites | Phenolic Resin (wt.%) | 0.5 wt.% MWCNT– Phenolic (wt.%) | CR Fiber (wt.%) |
---|---|---|---|
PH | 100 | 0 | 0 |
MWCNT + PH | 0 | 100 | 0 |
40% CR + MWCNT + PH | 0 | 60 | 40 |
50% CR + MWCNT + PH | 0 | 50 | 50 |
60% CR + MWCNT + PH | 0 | 40 | 60 |
Properties | Type | Weight |
---|---|---|
Tensile | + | 0.25 |
Flexural | + | 0.25 |
Impact | + | 0.25 |
LOI | + | 0.25 |
Weight Fraction of Fibers (%) | Theoretical Density (g/cm3) | Measured Density (g/cm3) | Void Content (%) |
---|---|---|---|
PH | 1.30 | 1.27 | 2.31 |
MWCNT +PH | 1.29 | 1.26 | 2.33 |
40% CR + MWCNT + PH | 1.37 | 1.24 | 9.49 |
50% CR + MWCNT + PH | 1.39 | 1.25 | 10.07 |
60% CR + MWCNT + PH | 1.41 | 1.25 | 10.63 |
Fiber | Resin | Loading | Immersion Day | Water Absorption (%) | Thickness Swelling | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CR | Phenolic | 40 wt.% | 1 | 2.41 | 3.87 | [21] |
CR | MWCNT-Phenolic | 40 wt.% | 1 | 6.40 | 1.18 | Current Study |
CR | Phenolic | 40 wt.% | 7 | 7.20 | 9.24 | [21] |
CR | MWCNT-Phenolic | 40 wt.% | 7 | 10.86 | 2.63 | Current Study |
Composites | UL-94 Horizontal (mm/min) | LOI (%) | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Burning Rate, V | Classifications | |||
PH | 0 | H-B | 29.33 | Present study |
MWCNT + PH | 0 | H-B | 27.59 | Present study |
40% CR + PH | 0 | H-B | 25.41 | [21] |
40% CR + MWCNT + PH | 0 | H-B | 26.79 | Present study |
50% CR + MWCNT + PH | 0 | H-B | 26.32 | Present study |
60% CR + MWCNT + PH | 0 | H-B | 25.67 | Present study |
Tensile | Flexural | Impact | LOI | |
---|---|---|---|---|
PH | 29.82 | 63.39 | 1.15 | 29.33 |
MWCNT + PH | 35.34 | 68.67 | 1.25 | 27.59 |
40% CR + MWCNT + PH | 37.47 | 74.74 | 3.34 | 26.79 |
50% CR + MWCNT + PH | 41.06 | 79.64 | 4.58 | 26.32 |
60% CR + MWCNT + PH | 38.24 | 68.53 | 3.68 | 25.67 |
Tensile | Flexural | Impact | LOI | |
---|---|---|---|---|
PH | 0.365 | 0.398 | 0.165 | 0.483 |
MWCNT + PH | 0.432 | 0.431 | 0.179 | 0.454 |
40% CR + MWCNT + PH | 0.458 | 0.469 | 0.479 | 0.441 |
50% CR + MWCNT + PH | 0.502 | 0.5 | 0.657 | 0.433 |
60% CR + MWCNT + PH | 0.468 | 0.43 | 0.528 | 0.423 |
Tensile | Flexural | Impact | LOI | |
---|---|---|---|---|
PH | 0.091 | 0.100 | 0.041 | 0.121 |
MWCNT + PH | 0.108 | 0.108 | 0.045 | 0.114 |
40% CR + MWCNT + PH | 0.115 | 0.117 | 0.120 | 0.110 |
50% CR + MWCNT + PH | 0.125 | 0.125 | 0.164 | 0.108 |
60% CR + MWCNT + PH | 0.117 | 0.108 | 0.132 | 0.106 |
Positive Ideal | Negative Ideal | |
---|---|---|
TENSILE | 0.125 | 0.091 |
FLEXURAL | 0.125 | 0.100 |
IMPACT | 0.164 | 0.041 |
LOI | 0.121 | 0.106 |
Composites | Distance to Positive and Negative Ideal Points | The Relative Closeness Value and Ranking | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Distance to Positive Ideal | Distance to Negative Ideal | Relative Closeness, Ci | Rank | |
PH | 0.13 | 0.015 | 0.104 | 5 |
MWCNT+PH | 0.122 | 0.021 | 0.145 | 4 |
40% CR + MWCNT + PH | 0.048 | 0.084 | 0.638 | 3 |
50% CR + MWCNT + PH | 0.012 | 0.13 | 0.913 | 1 |
60% CR + MWCNT + PH | 0.041 | 0.095 | 0.700 | 2 |
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Loganathan, T.M.; Hameed Sultan, M.T.; Ahsan, Q.; Jawaid, M.; Naveen, J.; Md Shah, A.U.; Abu Talib, A.R.; Basri, A.A.; Jaafar, C.N.A. Effect of Cyrtostachys renda Fiber Loading on the Mechanical, Morphology, and Flammability Properties of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes/Phenolic Bio-Composites. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 3049. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11113049
Loganathan TM, Hameed Sultan MT, Ahsan Q, Jawaid M, Naveen J, Md Shah AU, Abu Talib AR, Basri AA, Jaafar CNA. Effect of Cyrtostachys renda Fiber Loading on the Mechanical, Morphology, and Flammability Properties of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes/Phenolic Bio-Composites. Nanomaterials. 2021; 11(11):3049. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11113049
Chicago/Turabian StyleLoganathan, Tamil Moli, Mohamed Thariq Hameed Sultan, Qumrul Ahsan, Mohammad Jawaid, Jesuarockiam Naveen, Ain Umaira Md Shah, Abd. Rahim Abu Talib, Adi Azriff Basri, and Che Nor Aiza Jaafar. 2021. "Effect of Cyrtostachys renda Fiber Loading on the Mechanical, Morphology, and Flammability Properties of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes/Phenolic Bio-Composites" Nanomaterials 11, no. 11: 3049. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11113049