Genetic Algorithm-Driven Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Substrate Optimization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. SERS Substrate Optimization with the Genetic Algorithm
2.2. Electromagnetic Simulations
2.3. SERS Substrate Fabrication
2.4. Raman Spectroscopy Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Tuning the Parameters of the Genetic Algorithm
3.1.1. Population
3.1.2. Selection Function
3.1.3. Crossover Function
3.1.4. Elitism and Mutation Ratio
4. SERS Substrate Optimization
5. Experimental Analysis of the Optimized SERS Substrate
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
FDTD | finite-difference time-domain |
SERS | surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy |
GA | genetic algorithm |
EF | enhancement Factor |
MB | methylene blue |
NS | nanostructure |
EME | electromagnetic enhancement |
CE | chemical enhancement |
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Silicon (cm−1) | Plain Gold (cm−1) | SERS (cm−1) | Band Assignment [33] |
---|---|---|---|
- | 676 (w) | 683 (w) | Out-of-plane bending of C–H |
- | 773 (w) | 774 (m) | In-plane bending of C–H |
- | 895 (w) | 896 (m) | In-plane bending of C–H |
- | - | 1033 (w) | In-plane bending of C–H |
- | 1178 (w) | 1170 (m) | Stretching of C–N |
- | - | 1299 (m) | In-plane ring deformation of C–H |
- | - | 1331 (m) | In-plane ring deformation of C–H |
- | 1389 (m) | 1389 (s) | Symmetrical stretching of C–N |
- | 1427 (w) | 1431 (m) | Asymmetrical stretching of C–N |
1626 (w) | 1625 (m) | 1623 (s) | Ring stretching of C–C |
Ref. | Method | Geometry | Figure of Merit | Wavelength |
---|---|---|---|---|
[38] | DNN | Core–Shell NP | Loss Function | - |
[39] | GA | Metasurface | Reflection | 600 nm |
[45] | GA | Metasurface | Transmission | 650–720 nm |
[40] | GA | Metasurface | Polarization & Scattering | 1.5 m |
[41] | GA | Metasurface | Transmission | 16.9–44.7 mm |
[42] | GA | Metasurface | Absorption | - |
[43] | GAN | Metasurface | Transmittance | 27.2 mm |
[44] | GAN | Metasurface | Backpropagation efficiency | 580 & 1550 nm |
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Bilgin, B.; Yanik, C.; Torun, H.; Onbasli, M.C. Genetic Algorithm-Driven Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Substrate Optimization. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 2905. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11112905
Bilgin B, Yanik C, Torun H, Onbasli MC. Genetic Algorithm-Driven Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Substrate Optimization. Nanomaterials. 2021; 11(11):2905. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11112905
Chicago/Turabian StyleBilgin, Buse, Cenk Yanik, Hulya Torun, and Mehmet Cengiz Onbasli. 2021. "Genetic Algorithm-Driven Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Substrate Optimization" Nanomaterials 11, no. 11: 2905. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11112905