Nanocellulose Bio-Based Composites for Food Packaging
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Food Packaging Requirements
3. Nanocellulose Applications in Food Packaging
3.1. Nanocellulose Sources
3.2. Nanocellulose Based Composites
3.3. Modification of Properties, Processability and Functionalization of Nanocellulose
3.3.1. Modifications to Improve the Compatibility between Nanocellulose and Plastic Matrixes
3.3.2. Modifications to Improve Moisture Resistance
3.3.3. Modifications to Provide Active and Intelligent Functionality
3.4. Nanocellulose Based Composites Processing
- -
- Solvent casting
- -
- Melt processing
- -
- Impregnation
- -
- Layer-by-layer assembly
- -
- Coating
- -
- All-cellulose composites
3.4.1. Solvent Casting
3.4.2. Melt Processing
3.4.3. In Situ and Impregnation Methods
3.4.4. Layer-by-Layer Assembly (LbL)
3.4.5. Coating
3.4.6. All-Cellulose Composites
- (i)
- Impregnation of previously fully dissolved cellulose into an undissolved cellulose matrix;
- (ii)
- Selective dissolution where a cellulose matrix is partially dissolved and subsequently regenerated in situ, to create a matrix around the non-dissolved portion (Figure 3G);
4. Safety of Nanocellulose Based Composites
5. Technology Readiness Level of Nanocellulosic Composites
6. Final Considerations
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Product | WVTR (g/m2.day) 23 °C | Oxygen Permeance (cm3STP/m2.day.Pa) 23 °C | Shelf-Life (Months) | Materials Typically Used |
---|---|---|---|---|
Low moisture foods, aw < 0.6 | ||||
Nuts, snacks, chips | 0.093–3.0 | 1.6 × 10−6–9.6 × 10−5 | 3–12 | Metallised films, Laminates with EVOH, PP |
Coffee | 0.61–1.1 | 8.7 × 10−6–1.3 × 10−5 | 12–18 | PP or PET metallised or AL foil laminates |
Other dried foods | 0.14–1.7 | 6.8 × 10−7–8.2 × 10−6 | 12–24 | PP or PET metallised, Laminates with EVOH |
Oils | <30 | 2.6 × 10−5–2.6 × 10−4 | >12 | PET, Glass |
High moisture foods, aw > 0.9 | ||||
Beer | 1.4–3.0 | 4.5 × 10−7–2 × 10−6 | 6–12 | Glass, PVDC- coated PET, Metal can |
Wine | 1.0–1.4 | 1 × 10−6–9.5 × 10−6 | >12 | Glass, PET, Bag in box |
Fruit juices, soft drinks | 0.47–12.2 | 6.1 × 10−6–6.14 × 10−4 | 1–18 | Glass, PET, Metal cans, bag in box, Aseptic multilayer |
UHT milk | 2.7–5.3 | 3.5 × 10−6–5.6 × 10−5 | 2.5–5 | Aseptic multilayer |
Hard cheese | 50 | 8.6 × 10−4–3.45 × 10−3 | 2 | PP, HDPE |
Fats | 5.2–9.2 | 6.8 × 10−5–8.0 × 10−4 | 3 | Fat resistant paper, PP |
Retorted food | 0.40–7.6 | 5.9 × 10−6–5.0 × 10−5 | 3–36 | Metal can, Glass jar, Laminates: PET or PP with EVOH or polyamide |
Fresh foods | ||||
Fruits, vegetables, fresh salads | 10–4000 | 1 × 10−1–2 | 0.25 | LDPE, PP |
Meat and meat based products | 2–100 | 2 × 10−4–1 × 10−1 | 0.25–0.5 | PS and PET trays |
Dairy products | 0.2–8 | 6 × 10−4–5 × 10−2 | 0.5 | HDPE, PP, PS |
NC Type | Companies | Applications |
---|---|---|
CMF | Celova [149]; Sappi [150]; Exilva [151]; FiberLean tecnologies [152]; FiloCell (Kruger company) [153] | Paper; Packaging; coatings; Paints; Cosmetics; Food; Filtration; Environmental remediation; Art Conservation; Adhesives, Agricultural chemicals; HI&I cleaning; Engineered applications; Polymer composites; Cement; Cosmetics; Sealants; |
NFC | Sappi [147]; American Process [154]; US Forest products Lab [155]; Paperlogic [156]; University of Maine [157]; Nippon Paper [158]; Oji Paper [159], Innventia [160]; Cellulose Lab [161]; FiloCell (Kruger company) [153] | High-tech spun fibres; Antimicrobial films; Water absorbent pads in medical applications; Electronic displays; Food packaging; Flavour carrier; Suspension stabiliser; Thickener in food; Polymer composites; Cement; Paper; Cosmetics; Paints; Coatings; Sealants; Adhesives |
CNC | American Process [154]; Melodea [162]; Innotech Alberta [163]; US Forest products Lab [155]; Blue Goose Biorefineries [164]; Celluforce [165]; Cellulose Lab [161] | Packaging, Paints; Coatings; Oil and Gas; Adhesives; Paper and non-wovens; Cement; Plastics; Composites; Cosmetics; Health Care; Food and Beverages; Electronics; |
BNC | Cellulose Lab [161]; Bowil Biotech [166]; JeNaCell GmbH [167]; HYLOMORPH [168]; Weyerhaeuser [169]; Xylos [170]; Biofill [171] | Cosmetics, Biomedical, |
Company | Products | Applications | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Thermoplastics reinforced with natural fibres | Kareline | Natural fibres and plastics (injection moulding) | Tableware, appliances | [182] |
Scion | Natural fibre reinforced plastics (mainly PP) (injection moulding) | Automotive sector | [183] | |
Fasal | Natural fibre reinforcing maize, natural or synthetic resins (injection moulding) | Toys; | [184] | |
FuturaMat | BioFibra- derived from renewable ressources (biopolymers, wood flour and additives of vegetable origin) PolyFibra- Made from vegetable fibres and partially biobased; | Toys; horticulture; Agriculture; Pieces of equipment; Furnitures; Construction; | [185] | |
GreenGran BV | PLA and PHB reinforced with natural fibres | Tools | [186] | |
FkuR | Bio-based TPE with wood fibres | Soft-touch handles, toys, tools or sports equipment | [187] | |
Cellulose based products | Futamura | Cellophane Natureflex | Food Packaging | [188] |
Bio4Pack | Paperwise | Food Packaging | [189] | |
NC based products | Cellucomp | Curran® | Paints, coatings, Food and other packaging | [190] |
Storaenso | Microfibrilated cellulose based materials | Paper, Food and other packaging, intelligent packaging | [191] | |
Elopak | Naturally Pure-Pak® | Food packaging | [192] |
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Silva, F.A.G.S.; Dourado, F.; Gama, M.; Poças, F. Nanocellulose Bio-Based Composites for Food Packaging. Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 2041. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10102041
Silva FAGS, Dourado F, Gama M, Poças F. Nanocellulose Bio-Based Composites for Food Packaging. Nanomaterials. 2020; 10(10):2041. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10102041
Chicago/Turabian StyleSilva, Francisco A. G. S., Fernando Dourado, Miguel Gama, and Fátima Poças. 2020. "Nanocellulose Bio-Based Composites for Food Packaging" Nanomaterials 10, no. 10: 2041. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10102041