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Volume 13
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Review

Dynamics of Offshore Wind Turbine Foundation: A Critical Review and Future Directions

by
Jiaojie Xie
1,2,†,
Hao Wang
1,3,†,
Xin Cai
1,4,5,*,
Hongjian Zhang
6,
Lei Ren
1,3,
Maowen Cai
1,2 and
Zhiqiang Xin
1
1
Department of Engineering Mechanics, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China
2
Jiangsu Province Wind Power Structural Engineering Research Center, Nanjing 211100, China
3
Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal Disaster and Protection, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
4
Cooperate Innovation Center for Coastal Development and Protection, Nanjing 210098, China
5
Suzhou Institute, Hohai University, Suzhou 215000, China
6
Faculty of Infrastructure Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(10), 2016; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13102016
Submission received: 27 August 2025 / Revised: 13 October 2025 / Accepted: 20 October 2025 / Published: 21 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Offshore wind turbines (OWTs) are being developed with larger capacities for deeper waters, facing complex environmental loads that challenge structural safety. In contrast to onshore turbines, OWT foundations must withstand combined hydrodynamic forces (waves and currents), leading to substantially higher construction costs. For floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs), additional considerations include radiation hydrodynamic loads and additional hydrodynamic damping effects caused by platform motion. Dynamic analysis of these foundations remains a critical bottleneck, presenting new challenges for offshore wind power advancement. This article first introduces the main structural types of OWT foundations, with case studies predominantly from China. The remaining part of the article proceeds as follows: dynamics of fixed OWT foundations, dynamics of FOWT foundations, and conclusions. Next, it covers several important topics related to fixed offshore wind turbines, including pile–soil interaction, wave loads, and seismic analysis. It then discusses support platform motion analysis, hydroelastic analysis, and mooring system characteristics of floating offshore wind turbines. Finally, it presents some insights to improve design and optimization methods for enhancing the safety and reliability of offshore wind turbines. This research clarifies OWT foundation dynamics, helping researchers address challenges and optimize designs.
Keywords: offshore wind turbines; foundation system; dynamic performance; floating platform; mooring system; pile-soil interaction; seismic analysis; hydroelastic analysis offshore wind turbines; foundation system; dynamic performance; floating platform; mooring system; pile-soil interaction; seismic analysis; hydroelastic analysis

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Xie, J.; Wang, H.; Cai, X.; Zhang, H.; Ren, L.; Cai, M.; Xin, Z. Dynamics of Offshore Wind Turbine Foundation: A Critical Review and Future Directions. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13, 2016. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13102016

AMA Style

Xie J, Wang H, Cai X, Zhang H, Ren L, Cai M, Xin Z. Dynamics of Offshore Wind Turbine Foundation: A Critical Review and Future Directions. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2025; 13(10):2016. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13102016

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xie, Jiaojie, Hao Wang, Xin Cai, Hongjian Zhang, Lei Ren, Maowen Cai, and Zhiqiang Xin. 2025. "Dynamics of Offshore Wind Turbine Foundation: A Critical Review and Future Directions" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 13, no. 10: 2016. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13102016

APA Style

Xie, J., Wang, H., Cai, X., Zhang, H., Ren, L., Cai, M., & Xin, Z. (2025). Dynamics of Offshore Wind Turbine Foundation: A Critical Review and Future Directions. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 13(10), 2016. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13102016

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