Perspectives on Innovative Approaches in Agriculture to Managing Water Scarcity in the Middle Rio Grande Basin
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Background
2.1. The Greater Rio Grande
2.2. Study Area and Water Users
2.3. Agricultural Water Use
2.4. Urbanization and Water Allocation in the Middle Rio Grande
2.5. Water Obligations Outside of New Mexico, Interbasin Transfers, and Tribal Rights
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Developing the Interview Questions
3.2. Recruiting Participants
3.3. Interviews and Analysis
4. Results
4.1. What Innovations Were of Interest to Participants?
4.2. Crop Changes
- Growing spring, fall, or winter crops (such as garlic and winter oats) in place of the summer growing season. This practice could also be used as part of a plan to fallow a portion of their farmed land.
- Shifting from alfalfa to drought-resistant grasses, such as fescue, blue grama, Sudan grass, and teff grass.
- Adopting more drought-tolerant specialty crops, such as drought-tolerant varieties of eggplant and cucumbers, tepary beans, and Chinese dates.
- Shifting to grain crops consumed by humans, such as barley or quinoa.
- Implementing new equipment or infrastructure to support more efficient irrigation of vegetable and specialty crops in rows as an alternative to flooding forage crops.
- Encouraging Pueblos, who hold the most senior water rights, to grow food crops for human consumption.
- Implementation of regionally appropriate agroforestry and other practices to provide shade and wind breaks for farmland.
4.3. Marketing Other Crops
Chefs, you know, local producers, value added producers, farmers market, you know, that all just takes a different look, because things look different, right? “Oh, I want my green bean”. Well, here’s something different and it can be utilized very similarly. Same with a lot of our native squash varieties, corn as well, being…The landrace varieties being much quicker to mature and utilizing much less irrigation than maybe a normal hybrid, sweet, or dent corn. So, I think there’s a lot of crop choices that we can change.
4.4. Equipment and Labor
I myself would change to a specialty crop, but the harvest equipment changes your cost…Your tractor implement changes are going to have to be done. Your water needs. It’s…It’s a change. It’s definitely a labor intensive…Specialty crops are labor intensive. They have to be furrowed crop versus flood irrigation—just flood it, whatever, you’re done—but a specialty crop has to be cultivated routinely for weeds, and it has to be watched, and it’s more labor.
You don’t know what you don’t know, that you can do something different. And so, I think, sometimes it takes somebody to set the example in certain communities. Somebody that’s willing to kind of go out and think outside the box or try something different and set that example and show that it’s not...that these other methods of irrigating or whatever can be done, they can be productive, and that, you know, you can still make money doing it.
Say you’ve got a $250,000 [hay] cutter, which, you know, is a self-propelled cutter. That, new, will cost you $250,000. Okay, so that’s more than what the average price of a home now will purchase, so you’ve already made that investment. You are going to try to continue farming as you can…You’ve got this huge capital investment, and so if you change your mind about what you’re doing for a living, now you’ve got a huge capital investment that you’ll liquidate for pennies on the dollar. So, coming and going, getting in and out, changing what you’re cropping, all these things cost money.
Well, I started with alfalfa because it was easier, you know, working and stuff…And so, we’ve got the hay cutter, the bailers. And then we were going to try to do corn. But you need to have—if you can’t get rid of it, you have to have storage or you’re going to lose your [crop], you know, if it’s not stored right. And then you have to get a combine or hire somebody. Not very many people around here have combines.
4.5. Cost-Share Programs
They don’t want to enter the government system to get assistance because they see it as a long, drawn-out process to get there. It takes time to get on programs to do that, and a lot of times they’re turned down, and they don’t want to do it. It’s just cost and time and effort. But in order to do [efficiencies], you have to do that. It’s hard work. It’s hard labor, increasing your efficiency and keeping it there.
4.6. Access to Water
I say, “I don’t want to irrigate right now. I didn’t plan on it”. [They say,] “Well, you can irrigate right now. I don’t know when you can irrigate at another time”.
I wish I had more control over—if I was only going to get one irrigation on the acequia this year, if I was only going to get two—when those would happen. Right now, it’s kind of at the whim of whenever they want to give it to us, and we just have to be ready. But if I knew I only had one, let’s just say I would really make it count, if I could choose ahead of time…They’re kind of telling us it’s going to be kind of like a surprise at this point, you know? Which means if I want to seed something, or if I want to seed something drought tolerant to at least cover the soil, I just kind of have to go with faith and luck that I happen to plant it at the right time. Or I might miss the window completely if they call sooner, and they’re like, “Surprise! You get it today, and this is your only one!”
I look at the water diagrams the MRGCD has, as far as how much water is in the ditches. But, you know, those are not user friendly. They have all these acronyms for identifying what the various canals are and drains are. And I can’t make heads or tails of what…what it all means to know where is the water or where it isn’t. And they could certainly make that a lot more user-friendly so we could actually figure out, you know…Is there water in the Highline? Or how far down has it come? Or is it all up on the Isleta reservation?
I see these guys that…They irrigate their grass every couple of weeks or so, you know. And I’m precluded from doing it but once a month…There’s no, there’s no quantification of what they did. So, like I said, I think there’s nothing like bookkeeping, you know, and accounting to keep people honest. And that’s not really happening in a trustworthy way.
With drip irrigation, you have to use—for all practical purposes—well water. One of the biggest strengths that we have is nobody has an ability to drill a well unless they go out and buy a pre-1907 water right, and you’re competing against the city of Albuquerque, the city of Rio Rancho, city of Los Lunas…I’d say the water today is about $18,000 an acre-foot, and buy three acre-feet of water, hell, that’s $54,000. You can’t come out…These farmers don’t have that type of money. So, a lot of the technology is based around pumping water. So those things are pretty astronomically unfeasible here.
5. Discussion
5.1. Areas of Opportunity for Innovation
5.2. Improving Access to Information in the Middle Rio Grande
5.3. Building Flexibility into Irrigation Scheduling
5.4. Who Can Adopt Alternative Crops and Who Cannot?
5.5. Negative Impacts of Innovations: The Efficiency Paradox, Groundwater Depletion, and Rio Grande Compact Compliance
5.6. Study Limitations and Future Research
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix A.1. Interview Questions for Agricultural Water Users
- The Middle Rio Grande basin,
- Water that is permitted for agricultural use, and
- Innovations that help NM address issues like water scarcity, water quality, and maximizing beneficial use of water for people and the environment.
Appendix A.2. Interview Questions for Decision Makers
- The Middle Rio Grande basin,
- Water that is permitted for agricultural use, and
- Innovations that help NM address issues like water scarcity, water quality, and maximizing beneficial use of water for people and the environment.
Appendix B
Code | Description |
---|---|
Anticipation of climate change impacts | |
decreasing water supply | Used when participant describes experiencing or having experienced a decrease in their water supply or when participant describes an outlook/speaks of a future with less water. |
increase in catastrophic wildfire | Used when participant refers to effects of wildfires and/or increase in wildfires. |
planning for uncertain water future | Used when participant describes a desire to act in anticipation of a decrease in water supply or describes the actions taken in preparation. |
Barriers to innovation; economic/financial | |
forward contracts; subsidies and crop insurance | Used when participant mentions forward contracts, agricultural subsidies, and/or crop insurance. |
lack of capacity to go after funding | Used when participant describes experiencing/having experienced an inability to apply for available funding, maintain eligibility for funding, or access resources due to any of the following: lack of awareness of existence of available funding, lack of time to apply for funding, or lack of how to apply for funding. |
market challenges in changing crops | Used when participant describes a lack of a market to sell their agricultural product, as well as difficulties related to transportation to market, access to processing facilities, and creation of value-added products. |
need more time/labor | Used when participant describes an inability to meet their labor needs such as necessary work/tasks that need to be accomplished on their land. |
Barriers to innovation; farming/tech | |
cultural practice prevents innovation | Used when participant describes a lack of innovative activities occurring in favor of using cultural, traditional, and/or habitual methods. |
current water distribution schedule does not work for desired crop | Used when participant describes an inability to grow desired crop(s) due to few or irregularly occurring waterings. |
innovation requires access to capital/resources; risk; new tools; equipment; changing land | Used when participant describes innovations requiring the following: access to financial capital, any associated riskiness, or the need to purchase/that they purchased new tools or equipment. |
lack of knowledge/education/training | Used when participant describes how a lack of knowledge/education/training has inhibited agricultural water users from innovating or how innovations require new knowledge/education/training. Includes a desire to better understand their farm, such as appropriate crops and soil type. |
Barriers to innovation; legal/policy | |
bureaucracy moves too slow | Used when participant describes an individual’s lack of desire or inability to innovate due to slow-moving government processes such as application turnaround time, slow responses to inquiries, difficulty reaching the appropriate entity to respond to problems, etc. |
Concern | |
agencies do not enforce rules | Used when participant describes agencies not fulfilling their duties, such as not applying penalties for violating rules |
competition with other users | Used when participant describes water as a limited resource being divided amongst many users, perceived difficulties in meeting demand of competing users and the idea of a “zero sum game” between users. |
effects of land conversion | Used when participant describes how a change in where water is used and how water is used affects land/environment such as impact of urbanization, conversion of agricultural land, riparian habitat, or green belt. |
idea that other ag areas are too different from MRG, that their innovation cannot be applied here | Used when participant states that innovations or practices from regions outside the Middle Rio Grande will not work here due to topography, geology, climate, institutions, etc. |
other concern | Used when participant describes a concern that is not listed here. Use annotation to specify. |
overuse of groundwater and aquifer sustainability | Used when participant describes aquifer in Middle Rio Grande valley as a limited resource and expresses concern over an increase of depth to water table. |
perspectives on water quality | Used when participant mentions water quality, including references to pollution, salinity, trash, or sediment |
thoughts/perspectives on compact compliance | Used when participant mentions compacts. |
will young farmers want to stick around/young people leaving farming | Used when participant mentions next generation of agricultural water users, or the risks associated with going into the farming business. |
Economic and financial incentives and innovations | |
cost-share programs; tax incentives; grants/loans for ranchers and farmers | Used when participant mentions cost-share programs, tax incentives, and grants/loans for agricultural water users. |
Farmer decision making | |
financial incentive to sell water right | Used when participant mentions financial incentives to sell water right including sale to other producers, municipalities, water bank. |
makes decision to plant/not plant based on water availability | Used when participant describes inability to plant crops due to water availability. |
making choices now to try to benefit future generations/family later | Used when participant describes making decisions that will offer their family/future generations more opportunity. |
prioritize creating/protecting habitat | Used when participant describes activity, they have done that creates habitat or provides ecosystem services. |
prioritize high-value crops | Used when a participant describes preference for crops with high economic value. |
prioritize long-term crops | Used when participant describes planting longer term crops. |
Farming/tech innovations in use | |
crop choices | Used when participant mentions crop choices such as decision making when choosing crops, action, or desire to switch crops |
farm and water cooperatives | Used when participant describes need for formation of farm/water coops, or participation in farm/water coops such as acequia associations. |
leveling/grading | Used when participant mentions leveling/grading to increase irrigation efficiency. |
more efficient irrigation equipment—drip irrigation, sprinklers, microsprinklers, etc. | Used when participant mentions use of drip, sprinkler systems, or any other system for disseminating water across their crops more efficiently. |
re-using water/crops on farms for multiple purposes | Used when participant intentionally uses resources for multiple purposes or re-uses resources or agricultural byproducts on their farm. |
reducing leak lining/concrete ditches; piping | Used when participant mentions lining waterways or using piping to increase efficiency. |
reducing or recapturing evapotranspiration using greenhouses; shade structures | Used when participant describes increasing moisture in immediate atmosphere by creating shade or using greenhouses. |
related to soil health and moisture | Used when participant mentions soil health and/or soil moisture. |
telemetries flume; automated gates | Used when participant mentions telemetrized flumes or automatic gates. |
use of Indigenous, permaculture, dry farming, and inter/cover cropping techniques | Used when participant mentions Indigenous farming techniques, permaculture, dry farming, intercropping, cover cropping, and mulching. |
use of solar, wind, and micro hydropower in ag production | Used when participant mentions solar power, wind power, or micro hydropower. |
using/building wells to ensure supply when needed | Used when participant mentions building wells in anticipation of a lack of water needed to grow crops or refers to the use of a well for such an occasion. |
Farming/tech wish list | |
implementing aerial/aquifer mapping technologies for land management | Used when participant mentions the use or future use of aerial/aquifer mapping. |
improve transparency in water availability, requests, and deliveries | Used when participant refers to the accessibility of information concerning water supply, water requests, and water deliveries. |
metering all water users’ wells and surface water | Used when participant refers to their desire for water managers to meter all water users. |
transparency in grant/funding decisions | Used when participant mentions desire for transparency in grant/funding decisions. |
treating low-quality water to create new freshwater supplies | Used when participant refers to the desire for treatment of low-quality water to add to supply such as produced water, etc. |
water storage on farm | Used when participant describes desire for water storage on their farm, such as tanks, ponds, etc., including a need to store or pressurize water to utilize more efficient methods. |
Legal/policy innovations in use | |
creation of land easements | Used when participant mentions land easements. |
water banking, leasing, and markets | Used when participant mentions water banks, water leases, and water markets, including pay-to-fallow programs. |
Legal/policy innovations wish list | |
better data, research and information about population growth, development, climate, and water supply and use | Used when participant mentions need for better data, more research and information about climate change and population growth, and the state of water supplies and how they are used. |
flexibility in water storage, use, and management necessary to adapt to climate change and local needs | Used when participant states desire for more flexibility in water storage, water use, and improvement in water management to adapt to climate change and resident needs. |
stricter enforcement of water use efficiency | Used when participant expresses a desire for stricter enforcement of water use efficiency or laments the lack of efficiency by another water user. |
Other innovations and barriers | |
innovations elsewhere | Used to identify innovations occurring outside the Middle Rio Grande region, including elsewhere in New Mexico, the US, and the world. Description of innovation and location in annotation. |
other barriers | Used when participant describes a barrier not included in our “barriers…” lists. |
other innovations in MRG | Used to identify innovations occurring inside the Middle Rio Grande region. Description of innovation in annotation. |
Preserve culture/lifestyle | |
perspectives on ag in NM | Used when participant describes the future of agriculture in New Mexico. |
perspectives on green belt | Used when participant describes the greening of the Middle Rio Grande region as a result of agriculture in the area or the loss of green belt. |
preserve traditions | Used when participant mentions the preservation of traditions and culture, or the historical aspects of water use, and irrigation used in the MRG. |
the land will continue to be farmed whether by family or someone else | Used when participant expresses that agricultural land will continue to be farmed by future generations. |
Priority administration; P&P rights; adjudication of water rights | |
cost and risk of transferring a water right | Used when participant refers to the cost and riskiness involved in transferring, buying, or selling a water right. |
MRGCD is delegated administration authority | Used when participant states that MRGCD is the administrator of water in the Middle Rio Grande region and tasked with allocations among other responsibilities. |
Prior and Paramount water rights; Winters decision | Used when participant refers to Prior and Paramount water rights of the Winters decision. |
prior appropriation or the use-it-or-lose-it principle prevent innovation or conservation | Used when participant expresses that the prior appropriation doctrine or elements of prior appropriation, such as use it or lose it, hinder innovation or conservation in some way. |
thoughts about adjudication | Used when participant mentions adjudication. |
water code/water law in conflict with shortage sharing already in practice | Used when participant describes shortage sharing that is currently occurring being in conflict with prior appropriation as outlined in water code/water law. |
Protecting species and habitats | |
farmers competing with water for environment | Used when participant describes competition between agricultural water use and water being used for the environment. |
managing invasive species | Used when participant mentions invasive species or agricultural weeds. |
using ag water rights for ecosystem restoration | Used when participant refers to the transfer of water rights from agriculture to instream use or habitat creation. |
Reform traditional farming | |
thoughts about growing food for humans | Used when participant mentions growing food for human consumption. |
Secondary analysis codes | |
Desired innovation not in practice | Used when participant describes an innovation they would like to see used on farms or within the region. |
Implemented innovation | Used when participant describes implementing an innovation. |
Undesirable innovation | Used when participant describes an innovation they disapproved of or do not want to see used on a farm or within the region. |
Things participants dislike in current mgmt. of Middle Rio Grande water | |
difficulty meeting MRGCD irrigation rate | Used when participant describes difficulty meeting MRGCD irrigation rate on their own farm or someone else’s. |
feelings of inequity with water delivery, allocation, etc. | Used when participant describes inequitable water deliveries, allocation of water, etc. |
infrastructure problems negatively impact water supply | Used when participant refers to infrastructure negatively impacting water supply locally (such as on-farm or within public or private ditches) or regionally (such as reservoirs and storage). |
MRGCD is getting worse | Used when participant describes MRGCD as an entity worsening its productivity or practices. |
officials are not farmers; therefore, they do not understand farmers’ needs | Used when participant refers to government/agency representatives not being agricultural water users and therefore not understanding their needs. |
Things participants like in current system | |
building community around shared food/water | Used when participant describes interacting with other community members as a result of their agricultural activities, or the idea that shared water supports building community. |
flood irrigating from ditch creates recharge and return flow | Used when participant mentions that flood irrigation increases flow to groundwater. |
MRGCD is getting better | Used when participant describes MRGCD as an entity improving its operations or activities. |
Water as a communal resource | |
cheating or illegal use | Used when participant describes agricultural water users taking water when it is not their turn or using more than their share. |
opinions about water and shortage sharing | Used when participant mentions water/shortage sharing. |
Collaboration tags (managerial codes) | |
collab—with businesses/industry | |
collab—with fed gov | |
collab—with higher ed/extension | |
collab—with landowners | |
collab—with local gov municipalities; counties; soil and water districts | |
collab—with MRGCD | |
collab—with NGOs/non-profits | |
collab—with state gov | |
collab—with tribes | |
formal collab | |
informal collab | |
Conflict tags (managerial codes) | |
conflict—with businesses/industry | |
conflict—with fed gov | |
conflict—with higher ed/extension | |
conflict—with landowners | |
conflict—with local gov municipalities; counties; soil and water districts | |
conflict—With MRGCD | |
conflict—with NGOs/non-profits | |
conflict—With outsiders | |
conflict—with state gov | |
conflict—with tribes | |
Farm size (managerial codes) | |
Large 100+ acres | |
Medium 10–100 acres | |
Small less than 10 acres | |
Reliance on farm income (managerial codes) | |
farm is main income | |
farm is supplemental or not income | |
Time horizon (managerial codes) | |
0–1 year | |
11–20 years | |
2–5 years | |
21–50 years | |
6–10 years | |
more than 50 years | |
Water source (managerial codes) | |
acequia | |
domestic well | |
Rio Grande surface right | |
stored water that is illegal to use | |
transferred surface right to GW right supplemental well | |
well | |
well that cannot be used | |
What are they growing (managerial codes) | |
alfalfa | |
livestock—dairy | |
livestock—meat | |
non-alfalfa hay; pasture; or silage | |
orchard—fruit and nuts | |
other | |
row crops—vegetables and fruit chile; melons; tomato | |
turf grass/lawn |
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County | Number of Farms | Land in Farms (Hectares) | Average Farm Size (Hectares) | Net Cash Farm Income (USD) | Most Valuable Commodities |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bernalillo | 1248 | 89,635.9 | 71.6 | −4,776,000 | Other crops and hay * and milk from cows |
Sandoval | 1007 | 317,162.1 | 314.8 | −513 | Cattle and calves, vegetables, and other crops and hay * |
Socorro | 658 | 369,266.3 | 561.3 | 11,067 | Milk from cows and other crops and hay * |
Valencia | 1360 | 209,506.8 | 154.2 | −3516 | Other crops and hay * and milk from cows, cattle, and calves |
Innovation Code | Total Interviews | Irrigator Interviews | Interviews with Participants Who Are Both Decision Maker and Irrigator | Decision Maker Interviews |
---|---|---|---|---|
crop choices | 21 | 11 | 4 | 6 |
more efficient irrigation equipment—drip irrigation, sprinklers, microsprinklers, etc. | 19 | 9 | 2 | 8 |
water banking, leasing, and markets | 18 | 4 | 3 | 11 |
farm and water cooperatives | 17 | 7 | 2 | 8 |
related to soil health and moisture | 17 | 8 | 3 | 6 |
cost-share programs, tax incentives, and grants/loans for ranchers and farmers | 16 | 4 | 4 | 8 |
leveling/grading | 15 | 7 | 1 | 7 |
using/building wells to ensure supply when needed | 15 | 10 | 2 | 3 |
other innovations in MRG | 14 | 8 | 1 | 5 |
reducing leak lining/concrete ditches and piping | 14 | 6 | 3 | 5 |
better data, research and information about population growth, development, climate, and water supply and use | 13 | 2 | 0 | 11 |
use of Indigenous, permaculture, dry farming, and inter/cover cropping techniques | 13 | 6 | 2 | 5 |
flexibility in water storage and use; management necessary to adapt to climate change and local needs | 11 | 3 | 1 | 7 |
Code | Total Interviews | Irrigator Interviews | Interviews with Participants Who Are Both Decision Maker and Irrigator | Decision Maker Interviews |
---|---|---|---|---|
crop choices | 21 | 9 | 2 | 10 |
using/building wells to ensure supply when needed | 15 | 9 | 3 | 3 |
flexibility in water storage and use; management necessary to adapt to climate change and local needs | 14 | 4 | 3 | 7 |
stricter enforcement of water use efficiency | 14 | 4 | 3 | 7 |
innovations elsewhere | 14 | 4 | 1 | 9 |
better data, research and information about population growth, development, climate, and water supply and use | 13 | 3 | 1 | 9 |
more efficient irrigation equipment—drip irrigation, sprinklers, microsprinklers, etc. | 13 | 5 | 1 | 7 |
other innovations in MRG | 13 | 7 | 1 | 5 |
lack of, gaining, or sharing knowledge/education/training | 13 | 6 | 2 | 5 |
related to soil health and moisture | 12 | 6 | 2 | 4 |
cost-share programs, tax incentives, and grants/loans for ranchers and farmers | 10 | 2 | 3 | 5 |
water banking, leasing, and markets | 10 | 3 | 1 | 6 |
Barrier Code | Total Interviews | Irrigator Interviews | Interviews with Participants Who Are Both Decision Maker and Irrigator | Decision Maker Interviews |
---|---|---|---|---|
innovation requires access to capital/resources, risk, new tools, equipment, and changing land | 35 | 15 | 4 | 16 |
lack of, gaining, or sharing knowledge/education/training | 26 | 9 | 3 | 14 |
current water distribution schedule does not work for desired crop | 25 | 16 | 3 | 6 |
cultural practice prevents innovation | 23 | 7 | 1 | 15 |
need more time/labor or innovation reduced time/labor needed | 21 | 9 | 3 | 9 |
market challenges in changing crops | 18 | 6 | 3 | 9 |
bureaucracy moves too slow | 12 | 3 | 1 | 8 |
lack of capacity to go after funding | 9 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
forward contracts, subsidies, and crop insurance | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Crop | Water Applied * (m3 per Hectare per Year) | Evapotranspiration (m3 per Hectare per Year) | Deep Percolation (m3 per Hectare per Year) | Crop Price | Yield Quantity | Yield Quantity per Hectare | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flood | Drip | Flood | Drip | Flood | Drip | USD per Unit | Yield Units | Drip | Flood | |
Alfalfa | 15,239.96 | 8229.58 | 6705.58 | 8229.58 | 8839.18 | 0.00 | 130.00 | Tons | 3.24 | 4.05 |
Spring lettuce | 7619.98 | 4267.19 | 3352.79 | 4267.19 | 4267.19 | 0.00 | 5.84 | Cartons | 192.23 | 240.30 |
Fall lettuce | 10,058.38 | 5486.39 | 4267.19 | 5486.39 | 5791.19 | 0.00 | 6.23 | Cartons | 202.34 | 252.93 |
Fall onions | 14,325.57 | 7619.98 | 6095.99 | 7619.98 | 8229.58 | 0.00 | 6.63 | Sacks | 485.62 | 607.03 |
Midseason onions | 12,191.97 | 8839.18 | 7010.38 | 8839.18 | 5181.59 | 0.00 | 6.38 | Sacks | 273.16 | 341.47 |
Spring onions | 14,630.37 | 10,363.18 | 8229.58 | 10,363.18 | 6095.99 | 0.00 | 6.43 | Sacks | 333.87 | 417.35 |
Grain sorghum | 6095.99 | 3352.79 | 2743.19 | 3352.79 | 3352.79 | 0.00 | 3.70 | Hundredweight | 16.19 | 20.23 |
Green chile | 14,020.77 | 7619.98 | 6095.99 | 7619.98 | 7924.78 | 0.00 | 285.00 | Tons | 4.45 | 5.58 |
Red chile | 15,239.96 | 8229.58 | 6705.58 | 8229.58 | 8839.18 | 0.00 | 0.72 | Pounds | 1416.40 | 1770.50 |
Pecans | 18,287.96 | 9753.58 | 7924.78 | 9753.58 | 10,363.18 | 0.00 | 2.28 | Pounds | 468.67 | 585.86 |
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Hasenbeck, E.C.; Scruggs, C.E.; Morgan, M.; Wang, J.; Webster, A.J.; Gomez, C.M. Perspectives on Innovative Approaches in Agriculture to Managing Water Scarcity in the Middle Rio Grande Basin. Agriculture 2025, 15, 793. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15070793
Hasenbeck EC, Scruggs CE, Morgan M, Wang J, Webster AJ, Gomez CM. Perspectives on Innovative Approaches in Agriculture to Managing Water Scarcity in the Middle Rio Grande Basin. Agriculture. 2025; 15(7):793. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15070793
Chicago/Turabian StyleHasenbeck, Eleanor C., Caroline E. Scruggs, Melinda Morgan, Jingjing Wang, Alex J. Webster, and Corina M. Gomez. 2025. "Perspectives on Innovative Approaches in Agriculture to Managing Water Scarcity in the Middle Rio Grande Basin" Agriculture 15, no. 7: 793. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15070793
APA StyleHasenbeck, E. C., Scruggs, C. E., Morgan, M., Wang, J., Webster, A. J., & Gomez, C. M. (2025). Perspectives on Innovative Approaches in Agriculture to Managing Water Scarcity in the Middle Rio Grande Basin. Agriculture, 15(7), 793. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15070793