Photo and Plasma Activation of Dental Implant Titanium Surfaces. A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of Pre-Clinical Studies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
- Population: Healthy animals with at least one titanium dental implant.
- Intervention: Any surface activation with UV or non-thermal plasma.
- Comparison: Any type of “non-activated” titanium dental implant.
- Outcomes: Bone-to-implant contact (BIC), implant stability quotient (ISQ) or removal torque.
2.1. Search Strategy
2.2. Eligibility Criteria
2.3. Selection of Studies
2.4. Data Extraction
2.5. Quality Assessment
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Bibliographic Search and Study Selection
3.2. Description of Included Studies
3.3. Excluded Studies
3.4. Quality Assessment
3.5. Qualitative Assessment of Outcomes
3.6. Quantitative Assessment of Outcomes
3.6.1. First Dataset
3.6.2. Second Dataset
3.6.3. Third Dataset
3.6.4. Fourth Dataset
4. Discussion
Summary of the Results and Possible Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Article Excluded | Reason for Exclusion |
---|---|
Shon et al., 2013 [30] | Specimens material (zirconia implants) |
Naujok et al., 2019 [31] | Sample size |
Aita H et al., 2009 [32] | Outcome |
Suzuki T et al., 2009 [13] | Outcome |
Ueno T et al., 2010 [33] | Outcome |
Ueno T et al., 2010 [34] | Outcome |
Minamikaw et al., 2014 [35] | Outcome |
Hirota M et al., 2016 [36] | Sample size |
Ishijima M et al., 2016 [37] | Outcome |
Soltanzadeh P et al., 2017 [38] | Outcome |
Sugita Y et al., 2014 [39] | Outcome |
Taniyama et al., 2020 [40] | Outcome |
Jimbo R et al., 2011 [41] | Specimens |
Hayashi M et al., 2014 [42] | Specimens |
Yamazaki M et al., 2015 [43] | Outcome |
Kim H.S et al., 2017 [44] | Farmacological treatment (alendronate) |
Lee J.B et al., 2019 [45] | Sample size |
Miki T et al., 2019 [46] | Specimens |
Hirakawa et al., 2013 [47] | Surface treatment |
Pyo et al., 2013 [48] | Sample size |
Ishii et al., 2016 [49] | Outcome |
Mehl et al. 2018 [50] | Sample size |
Funato et al., 2013 [51] | Case series |
Suzuki et al., 2013 [52] | Cross-sectional retrospective analysis |
Funato et al., 2013 [53] | Retrospective analysis |
Kitajima et al., 2016 [54] | Cross-sectional retrospective analysis |
Hirota et al., 2016 [55] | Complex cases |
Hirota et al., 2018 [56] | Outcome |
Puisys et al., 2018 [57] | Specimens |
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Study Title | Reference | Year | No of Animals | Specimens | Surface Treatment | Plasma Argon Treatment | Follow-Up | Outcome | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Argon-based atmospheric pressure plasma enhances early bone response to rough titanium surfaces | Coelho PG et al. [21] | 2012 | Six dogs (adult beagle) | Two Ti-6Al-4V implants each side. The different implant surfaces (Ti or Ti-Plasma) were alternately placed from proximal to distal at distances of 1 cm from each other along the central region of the bone. | Alumina- blasted/acid-etched | Atmospheric pressure plasma (CaP-plasma) treatment with Ar gas for a period of 60 s per quadrant with a KinPenTM device | 1 and 3 weeks | BIC (%) BAFO (bone area fraction occupacy) | No significant difference was found for BIC and BAFO between surfaces at 1 week. At 3 weeks in vivo, bone formation in close contact to the implant surface (BIC) was strongly observed in the Ti-plasma group, where an increase of over 300% was observed when compared to the control (p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed in BAFO (p > 0.14), although an improvement of 30% was observed for the Ti-plasma group |
Assessment of a chair-side argon-based non-thermal plasma treatment on the surface characteristics and integration of dental implants with textured surfaces | Teixeira H et al. [22] | 2012 | Six dogs (adult beagle) | Three root-form endosseous grade IV titanium alloy implants placed into each limb. Test: 20 sand 60 s plasma-treated implants; control: untreated implants. | Alumina-blasted and acid-etched surface | Twenty or sixty seconds of non-thermal plasma per quadrant applied with a KinPenTM device | 2 and 4 weeks | Removal torque (Ncm) | Torque value at 2 weeks: control: 35; plasma: 20 s—43; plasma: 60 s—55. Torque value at 4 weeks: control: 43; plasma: 20 s—67; plasma 60 s—72. |
Osseointegration assessment of chairside argon-based non thermal plasma-treated Ca-P coated dental implant | Giro G et al. [23] | 2013 | Six dogs (adult beagle) | Two Ti-6Al-4V implants each side. Different implant surfaces were alternately placed from proximal to distal at distances of 1 cm from each other along the central region of the bone, and the start surface site (CaP or CaP-Plasma) was alternated between animals. The implant distribution resulted in an equal number of implants for 1 and 3 weeks. | Calcium-phosphate (CaP) | Ar gas at atmospheric pressure for a period of 20 s per quadrant with a KinPenTM device | 1 and 3 weeks | BIC (%) BAFO (bone area graction occupacy) | No significant difference was found for BIC and BAFO between surfaces at 1 week. At 3 weeks, BIC and BAFO were strongly observed in the CaP-plasma group. The morphologic findings for both 1 and 3 weeks were supported by the morphometric results at the 3-week period, as CaP-plasma BIC increased by more than 100% and an improvement of 82% was found for BAFO when compared to the CaP group. |
Hard and soft tissue changes around implants activated using plasma of argon: a histomorphometric study in dog | Canullo L et al. [24] | 2018 | Eight dogs (adult beagle) | For each hemi-mandible, four implants with a ZirTi surface were used; two implants were treated with argon plasma (test), while the other two implants were left untreated (control). | ZirTi surface | Treated for 12 min at room temperature with plasma of argon in a plasma reactor (Diener electronic) | 1 and 2 months | BIC (%) old bone total amount of mineralized bone | One month of healing: new bone in close contact with the implant surface: treated (60.1% ± 15.6%; 95% CI 56.5%–78.0%); untreated (57.2% ± 13.1%; 95% CI 49.3%–67.5%) (p = 0.400). Old bone: treated (4.4% ± 3.0%; 95% CI. 2%–5.4%); untreated (3.4% ± 3.1%; 95% CI. 6%–4.9%) (p = 726). Total amount of mineralized bone: treated (95% CI 59.5%–82.3%); untreated (95% CI 53.3%–73.5%) (p = 0.208). Two months of healing of new bone: treated sites: 72.5% ± 12.4% (95% CI 69.6%–86.8%); untreated: 64.7% ± 17.3% (95% CI 59.4%–83.3% (p = 0.012). Old bone: treated sites: 3.1% ± 1.7% (95% CI 1.8%–4.2%); untreated sites: 3.8% ± 1.9% (95% CI 3.2%–5.8%) (p = 0.270). Total amount of mineralized bone: treated: 75.6% ± 13.0% (95% CI 73.3%–91.3%); untreated 68.4% ± 16.8% (95% CI 64.2%–87.6%). |
Effects of non thermal plasma on sandblasted titanium dental implants in beagle dogs | Hung YW et al. [25] | 2018 | Nine dogs (adult beagle) | Four implants in each dog; control group: one implant withot non-thermal plasma was inserted into each jaw; test group: one implant treated with non-thermal plasma was inserted into each jaw. | Sandblasting and etching | Non-thermal plasma apparatus (Line through ISO 9001) generates plasma in a dielectric barrier. Each implant receive 60s of plasma spray | 4,8 and 12 weeks | ISQ Value | ISQ values: Control group: Initial: 68.04 ± 3.37 4 weeks: 66.53 ± 7.40 8 weeks: 69.20 ± 2.55 12 weeks: 74.20 ± 2.68 Plasma group: Initial: 67.36 ± 0.52 4 weeks: 70.17 ± 0.76 8 weeks: 71.50 ± 1.41 12 weeks: 77.00 ± 5.87 |
Study Title | Reference | Year | No of Animals | Specimens | Surface Treatment | UV Treatment | Follow-Up | Outcome | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Photo-induced hydrophilicity enhances initial cell behavior and early bone apposition. | Sawase, T et al. [26] | 2008 | Six rabbits (tibia) | One implant each side of the tibia; cpTi screw implants (Nobel Biocare RP Mark III fixtures; Nobel Biocare AB, Göteborg, Sweden). | Post-annealed from the titanium implant; tetraisoproxide plasma by the plasma source; ion implantation | UV irradiation for 24 h | 2 weeks | BIC (%) | BIC untreated: 17.97%; BIC UV: treated 28.2%. |
The effect of ultraviolet C irradiation via a bactericidal ultraviolet sterilizer on an anodized titanium implant. A study in rabbits | Park K.H et al. [27] | 2013 | Fourteen rabbits (tibia) | Twenty-five titanium discs and 56 screw tipe implants. Each rabbits received four control or test implants (UV treated). | Anodized implants | UV irradiation via a 15W lamp for 24 h | 4 and 12 weeks | BIC (%) | Four-week mean value: control group (12): 42.92%; test group (12): 55.11%. Twelve-week value: control group (14): 55.81%; test group (14): 57.78%. |
The in vivo bone response of ultraviolet-irradiated titanium implants modified with spontaneusly formed nanostructures | Shen J et al. [20] | 2016 | Forty rabbits (femur and tibia) | A total of 160 screw-shaped implants divided in 5 groups: (1) SLA new (2) SLA old (3) modified SLA (4) UV SLA (5) UV modified SLA. | Sandblasted and acid-etched | UV irradiation via a 15W bactericidial lamp for 24 h | 3 and 6 weeks | BIC (%) RT (removal torque) | BIC mean value at 3 weeks: group (1): 40.05% group (2): 30.2% group (3): 35.3% group (4): 59.6% group (5): 61.8% BIC mean value at 6 weeks: group (1): 41.6% group (2): 31.3% group (3): 39.3% group (4): 69.5% group (5): 72.0% Torque removal mean at value 3 weeks: group (1): 42 group (2): 30 group (3): 39 group (4): 70 group (5): 90 Toque removal mean value at 6 weeks: group (1): 70 group (2): 42 group (3): 60 group (4): 82 group (5): 105 |
Photofunctionalised Ti6Al4V implants enhance early phase osseointegration. | Yamauchi, R et al. [28] | 2017 | Five rats (femur) | One implant each side; implant made from pure Ti and Ti6Al4V (B. Braun Aesculap Japan Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan). | Specimens: pure Ti and Ti6Al4V with average surface roughness values of 0.66 and 0.34 μm, respectively | Exposure to UV irradiation for 15 min using a photo device (TheraBeam Affinity; Ushio Inc., Tokyo, Japan) at an intensity of 3 mW/cm2 | 2 and 4 weeks | BIC value (BV/TV %) | Pure Ti value: Untreated 2-week value: 39.8%; treated 2-week value: 56.8%. Untreated 4-week value: 61.6%; treated 4-week value: 80.7%. Ti6Al4V value: Untreated 2-week value: 44.4%; treated 2-week value: 65.0%; untreated 4-week value: 58.6%; treated 4-week value: 76.3%. |
Effects of ultraviolet Photoactivation on osseointegration of commercial pure titanium dental implant after 8 weeks in a rabbit model | Sanchez-Perez A et al. [29] | 2020 | Five rabbits | Twenty commercial implants. | Group 1: as received; group 2: UV treated | A 6W UVC source for 15 min (Analizer VL 6c) | 8 weeks | BIC (%) | BIC mean value: Control group: 26.835%; test group 24.225%. |
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Pesce, P.; Menini, M.; Santori, G.; Giovanni, E.D.; Bagnasco, F.; Canullo, L. Photo and Plasma Activation of Dental Implant Titanium Surfaces. A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of Pre-Clinical Studies. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 2817. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092817
Pesce P, Menini M, Santori G, Giovanni ED, Bagnasco F, Canullo L. Photo and Plasma Activation of Dental Implant Titanium Surfaces. A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of Pre-Clinical Studies. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(9):2817. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092817
Chicago/Turabian StylePesce, Paolo, Maria Menini, Gregorio Santori, Emanuele De Giovanni, Francesco Bagnasco, and Luigi Canullo. 2020. "Photo and Plasma Activation of Dental Implant Titanium Surfaces. A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of Pre-Clinical Studies" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 9: 2817. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092817