The Risk of BPPV, Meniere’s Disease, and Vestibular Neuronitis in Patients with Gout: A Longitudinal Follow-Up Study Using a National Health Screening Cohort
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics
2.2. Study Population and Participant Selection
2.3. Definition of Gout
2.4. Definition of Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
2.5. Definition of Meniere’s Disease
2.6. Definition of Vestibular Neuronitis
2.7. Covariates
2.8. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Before Overlap Weighting Adjustment | After Overlap Weighting Adjustment | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gout | Control | Standardized Difference | Gout | Control | Standardized Difference | |
Age (n, %) | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
40–44 | 591 (2.48) | 2364 (2.48) | 444 (2.44) | 444 (2.44) | ||
45–49 | 2072 (8.70) | 8288 (8.70) | 1547 (8.51) | 1547 (8.51) | ||
50–54 | 3602 (15.12) | 14,408 (15.12) | 2719 (14.97) | 2719 (14.97) | ||
55–59 | 4688 (19.68) | 18,752 (19.68) | 3582 (19.72) | 3582 (19.72) | ||
60–64 | 4080 (17.13) | 16,320 (17.13) | 3131 (17.23) | 3131 (17.23) | ||
65–69 | 3382 (14.20) | 13,528 (14.20) | 2589 (14.25) | 2589 (14.25) | ||
70–74 | 2645 (11.11) | 10,580 (11.11) | 2027 (11.16) | 2027 (11.16) | ||
75–79 | 1687 (7.08) | 6748 (7.08) | 1300 (7.15) | 1300 (7.15) | ||
80–84 | 815 (3.42) | 3260 (3.42) | 632 (3.48) | 632 (3.48) | ||
85+ | 255 (1.07) | 1020 (1.07) | 198 (1.09) | 198 (1.09) | ||
Sex (n, %) | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
Male | 18,948 (79.56) | 75,792 (79.56) | 14,372 (79.11) | 14,372 (79.11) | ||
Female | 4869 (20.44) | 19,476 (20.44) | 3796 (20.89) | 3796 (20.89) | ||
Income (n, %) | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
1 (lowest) | 3456 (14.51) | 13,824 (14.51) | 2637 (14.51) | 2637 (14.51) | ||
2 | 2944 (12.36) | 11,776 (12.36) | 2252 (12.40) | 2252 (12.40) | ||
3 | 3609 (15.15) | 14,436 (15.15) | 2756 (15.17) | 2756 (15.17) | ||
4 | 5038 (21.15) | 20,152 (21.15) | 3841 (21.14) | 3841 (21.14) | ||
5 (highest) | 8770 (36.82) | 35,080 (36.82) | 6681 (36.78) | 6681 (36.78) | ||
Region of residence (n, %) | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
Urban | 10,062 (42.25) | 40,248 (42.25) | 7668 (42.21) | 7668 (42.21) | ||
Rural | 13,755 (57.75) | 55,020 (57.75) | 10,499 (57.79) | 10,499 (57.79) | ||
Obesity † (n, %) | 0.28 | 0.00 | ||||
Underweight | 317 (1.33) | 2415 (2.53) | 269 (1.48) | 269 (1.48) | ||
Normal | 5969 (25.06) | 33,032 (34.67) | 4901 (26.98) | 4901 (26.98) | ||
Overweight | 6511 (27.34) | 26,813 (28.14) | 5057 (27.84) | 5057 (27.84) | ||
Obese I | 9960 (41.82) | 30,612 (32.13) | 7231 (39.80) | 7231 (39.80) | ||
Obese II | 1060 (4.45) | 2396 (2.52) | 709 (3.90) | 709 (3.90) | ||
Smoking status (n, %) | 0.08 | 0.00 | ||||
Nonsmoker | 12,449 (53.79) | 49,257 (53.23) | 9771 (53.78) | 9771 (53.78) | ||
Past smoker | 5483 (23.69) | 19,833 (21.43) | 4218 (23.22) | 4218 (23.22) | ||
Current smoker | 5212 (22.52) | 23,447 (25.34) | 4178 (23.00) | 4178 (23.00) | ||
Alcohol consumption (n, %) | 0.09 | 0.00 | ||||
<1 time a week | 12,085 (50.74) | 52,581 (55.19) | 9380 (51.63) | 9380 (51.63) | ||
≥1 time a week | 11,732 (49.26) | 42,687 (44.81) | 8787 (48.37) | 8787 (48.37) | ||
Systolic blood pressure (Mean, SD) | 129.56 (16.85) | 127.37 (16.29) | 0.13 | 129.04 (14.81) | 129.04 (7.32) | 0.00 |
Diastolic blood pressure (Mean, SD) | 80.16 (11.03) | 78.83 (10.61) | 0.12 | 79.83 (9.69) | 79.83 (4.77) | 0.00 |
Fasting blood glucose (Mean, SD) | 102.56 (28.28) | 103.03 (30.88) | 0.02 | 102.68 (25.60) | 102.68 (12.51) | 0.00 |
Total cholesterol (Mean, SD) | 198.40 (40.52) | 195.26 (37.85) | 0.08 | 197.55 (35.71) | 197.55 (17.06) | 0.00 |
CCI score (Mean, SD) | 1.20 (1.84) | 0.99 (1.71) | 0.12 | 1.15 (1.58) | 1.15 (0.83) | 0.00 |
BPPV (n, %) | 762 (3.20) | 2715 (2.85) | 0.02 | 583 (3.21) | 518 (2.85) | 0.02 |
Meniere’s disease (n, %) | 434 (1.82) | 1382 (1.45) | 0.03 | 329 (1.81) | 264 (1.45) | 0.03 |
Vestibular neuronitis (n, %) | 195 (0.82) | 714 (0.75) | 0.01 | 148 (0.81) | 139 (0.77) | 0.01 |
Independent Variables | IR Per 1000 Person-Year | IRD Per 1000 Person-Years (95% Confidence Interval) | Hazard Ratios for BPPV (95% Confidence Interval) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude † | p-Value | Adjusted †‡ | p-Value | |||
Total participants (n = 119,085) | ||||||
Gout | 4.27 | 0.47 (0.15 to 0.80) | 1.12 (1.04–1.22) | 0.004 * | 1.13 (1.06–1.21) | <0.001 * |
Control | 3.79 | 1 | 1 | |||
Age < 60 (n = 54,765) | ||||||
Gout | 3.51 | 0.55 (0.17 to 0.93) | 1.18 (1.05–1.33) | 0.005 * | 1.17 (1.06–1.29) | 0.001 * |
Control | 2.96 | 1 | 1 | |||
Age ≥ 60 (n = 64,320) | ||||||
Gout | 5.29 | 0.37 (−0.19 to 0.93) | 1.07 (0.96–1.20) | 0.208 | 1.09 (0.99–1.19) | 0.070 |
Control | 4.92 | 1 | 1 | |||
Men (n = 94,740) | ||||||
Gout | 3.61 | 0.29 (−0.05 to 0.62) | 1.09 (0.99–1.20) | 0.095 | 1.08 (1–1.17) | 0.049 * |
Control | 3.32 | 1 | 1 | |||
Women (n = 24,345) | ||||||
Gout | 7.07 | 1.32 (0.40 to 2.24) | 1.23 (1.06–1.42) | 0.005 * | 1.23 (1.09–1.38) | <0.001 * |
Control | 5.76 | 1 | 1 | |||
Underweight (n = 2732) | ||||||
Gout | 6.21 | 2.33 (−0.71 to 5.37) | 1.58 (0.85–2.94) | 0.147 | 1.29 (0.82–2.03) | 0.269 |
Control | 3.88 | 1 | 1 | |||
Normal weight (n = 29,706) | ||||||
Gout | 4.84 | 0.43 (−0.55 to 1.42) | 1.32 (1.14–1.54) | <0.001 * | 1.28 (1.14–1.44) | <0.001 * |
Control | 3.65 | 1 | 1 | |||
Overweight (n = 39,001) | ||||||
Gout | 4.32 | 0.46 (−0.16 to 1.08) | 1.12 (0.96–1.30) | 0.149 | 1.13 (1–1.28) | 0.049 * |
Control | 3.86 | 1 | 1 | |||
Obese I (n = 40,572) | ||||||
Gout | 3.95 | 0.08 (−0.43 to 0.59) | 1.02 (0.90–1.16) | 0.740 | 1.04 (0.93–1.16) | 0.521 |
Control | 3.87 | 1 | 1 | |||
Obese II (n = 3456) | ||||||
Gout | 3.34 | −0.60 (−2.27 to 1.06) | 0.84 (0.53–1.33) | 0.466 | 0.86 (0.56–1.32) | 0.489 |
Control | 3.95 | 1 | 1 | |||
Fasting blood glucose < 100 mg/dL (n = 68,732) | ||||||
Gout | 4.34 | 0.51 (0.09 to 0.92) | 1.13 (1.02–1.25) | 0.018 * | 1.13 (1.04–1.23) | 0.004 * |
Control | 3.84 | 1 | 1 | |||
Fasting blood glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL (n= 50,353) | ||||||
Gout | 4.16 | 0.43 (−0.08 to 0.94) | 1.11 (0.98–1.27) | 0.099 | 1.12 (1.01–1.25) | 0.033 * |
Control | 3.73 | 1 | 1 |
Independent Variables | IR Per 1000 Person-Year | IRD Per 1000 Person-Years (95% Confidence Interval) | Hazard ratios for Meniere’s Disease (95% Confidence Interval) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude † | p-Value | Adjusted †‡ | p-Value | |||
Total participants (n = 119,085) | ||||||
Gout | 2.41 | 0.53 (0.27 to 0.80) | 1.26 (1.13–1.40) | <0.001 * | 1.26 (1.15–1.37) | <0.001 * |
Control | 1.91 | 1 | 1 | |||
Age < 60 (n = 54,765) | ||||||
Gout | 1.90 | 0.44 (0.03 to 0.86) | 1.39 (1.18–1.64) | <0.001 * | 1.37 (1.2–1.58) | <0.001 * |
Control | 1.37 | 1 | 1 | |||
Age ≥ 60 (n = 64,320) | ||||||
Gout | 3.08 | 0.37 (−0.19 to 0.93) | 1.17 (1.01–1.35) | 0.035 * | 1.17 (1.03–1.32) | 0.012 * |
Control | 2.64 | 1 | 1 | |||
Men (n = 94,740) | ||||||
Gout | 1.92 | 0.23 (−0.01 to 0.46) | 1.13 (0.99–1.29) | 0.065 | 1.11 (1–1.24) | 0.06 |
Control | 1.70 | 1 | 1 | |||
Women (n = 24,345) | ||||||
Gout | 4.45 | 1.66 (1.00 to 2.32) | 1.59 (1.32–1.92) | <0.001 * | 1.61 (1.37–1.90) | <0.001 * |
Control | 2.79 | 1 | 1 | |||
Underweight (n = 2732) | ||||||
Gout | 4.07 | 2.18 (0.01 to 4.34) | 2.14 (0.98–4.67) | 0.056 | 1.83 (0.98–3.40) | 0.058 |
Control | 1.89 | 1 | 1 | |||
Normal weight (n = 29,706) | ||||||
Gout | 2.75 | 0.80 (0.34 to 1.26) | 1.41 (1.16–1.73) | <0.001 * | 1.32 (1.13–1.54) | <0.001 * |
Control | 1.95 | 1 | 1 | |||
Overweight (n = 39,001) | ||||||
Gout | 2.55 | 0.63 (0.19 to 1.08) | 1.33 (1.09–1.63) | 0.005 * | 1.32 (1.11–1.56) | 0.002 * |
Control | 1.91 | 1 | 1 | |||
Obese I (n = 40,572) | ||||||
Gout | 2.16 | 0.29 (−0.07 to 0.64) | 1.15 (0.97–1.38) | 0.117 | 1.18 (1.01–1.38) | 0.043 * |
Control | 1.88 | 1 | 1 | |||
Obese II (n = 3456) | ||||||
Gout | 1.59 | −0.24 (−1.38 to 0.89) | 0.87 (0.45–1.70) | 0.693 | 0.97 (0.53–1.78) | 0.922 |
Control | 1.83 | 1 | 1 | |||
Fasting blood glucose < 100 mg/dL (n = 68,732) | ||||||
Gout | 2.57 | 0.72 (0.42 to 1.01) | 1.39 (1.21–1.59) | <0.001 * | 1.39 (1.24–1.56) | <0.001 * |
Control | 1.85 | 1 | 1 | |||
Fasting blood glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL (n = 50,353) | ||||||
Gout | 2.16 | 0.15 (−0.22 to 0.52) | 1.08 (0.90–1.29) | 0.418 | 1.06 (0.91–1.23) | 0.467 |
Control | 2.01 | 1 | 1 |
Independent Variables | IR Per 1000 Person-Year | IRD Per 1000 Person-Years (95% Confidence Interval) | Hazard Ratios for Vestibular Neuronitis (95% Confidence Interval) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude † | p-Value | Adjusted †‡ | p-Value | |||
Total participants (n = 119,085) | ||||||
Gout | 1.07 | 0.09 (−0.07 to 0.25) | 1.09 (0.93–1.28) | 0.274 | 1.06 (0.93–1.21) | 0.391 |
Control | 0.98 | 1 | 1 | |||
Age < 60 (n = 54,765) | ||||||
Gout | 0.94 | 0.13 (−0.06 to 0.33) | 1.16 (0.93–1.46) | 0.187 | 1.11 (0.92–1.34) | 0.277 |
Control | 0.81 | 1 | 1 | |||
Age ≥ 60 (n = 64,320) | ||||||
Gout | 1.25 | 0.04 (−0.24 to 0.31) | 1.03 (0.82–1.29) | 0.805 | 1.01 (0.84–1.20) | 0.952 |
Control | 1.22 | 1 | 1 | |||
Men (n = 94,740) | ||||||
Gout | 0.98 | 0.04 (−0.14 to 0.22) | 1.04 (0.87–1.26) | 0.645 | 1.01 (0.87–1.17) | 0.944 |
Control | 0.94 | 1 | 1 | |||
Women (n = 24,345) | ||||||
Gout | 1.48 | 0.30 (−0.11 to 0.71) | 1.26 (0.92–1.72) | 0.148 | 1.26 (0.97–1.65) | 0.08 |
Control | 1.17 | 1 | 1 | |||
Underweight (n = 2732) | ||||||
Gout | 1.51 | 0.32 (−1.31 to 1.95) | 1.28 (0.38–4.33) | 0.690 | 0.98 (0.41–2.34) | 0.972 |
Control | 1.19 | 1 | 1 | |||
Normal weight (n = 29,706) | ||||||
Gout | 0.95 | 0.03 (−0.28 to 0.34) | 1.03 (0.74–1.43) | 0.866 | 1.06 (0.83–1.34) | 0.656 |
Control | 0.92 | 1 | 1 | |||
Overweight (n = 39,001) | ||||||
Gout | 0.98 | 0.07 (−0.23 to 0.37) | 1.07 (0.78–1.47) | 0.663 | 1.03 (0.79–1.33) | 0.838 |
Control | 0.91 | 1 | 1 | |||
Obese I (n = 40,572) | ||||||
Gout | 1.18 | 0.13 (−0.14 to 0.39) | 1.12 (0.88–1.43) | 0.342 | 1.12 (0.91–1.38) | 0.299 |
Control | 1.05 | 1 | 1 | |||
Obese II (n = 3456) | ||||||
Gout | 1.19 | −0.35 (−1.38 to 0.67) | 0.77 (0.36–1.64) | 0.503 | 0.79 (0.4–1.55) | 0.489 |
Control | 1.54 | 1 | 1 | |||
Fasting blood glucose < 100 mg/dL (n = 68,732) | ||||||
Gout | 1.05 | 0.04 (−0.17 to 0.25) | 1.04 (0.85–1.28) | 0.682 | 1.02 (0.86–1.20) | 0.815 |
Control | 1.00 | 1 | 1 | |||
Fasting blood glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL (n = 50,353) | ||||||
Gout | 1.12 | 0.17 (−0.09 to 0.42) | 1.17 (0.91–1.51) | 0.208 | 1.11 (0.9–1.36) | 0.336 |
Control | 0.95 | 1 | 1 |
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Choi, H.G.; Kim, S.Y.; Chung, J. The Risk of BPPV, Meniere’s Disease, and Vestibular Neuronitis in Patients with Gout: A Longitudinal Follow-Up Study Using a National Health Screening Cohort. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 185. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12010185
Choi HG, Kim SY, Chung J. The Risk of BPPV, Meniere’s Disease, and Vestibular Neuronitis in Patients with Gout: A Longitudinal Follow-Up Study Using a National Health Screening Cohort. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(1):185. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12010185
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoi, Hyo Geun, So Young Kim, and Juyong Chung. 2023. "The Risk of BPPV, Meniere’s Disease, and Vestibular Neuronitis in Patients with Gout: A Longitudinal Follow-Up Study Using a National Health Screening Cohort" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 1: 185. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12010185
APA StyleChoi, H. G., Kim, S. Y., & Chung, J. (2023). The Risk of BPPV, Meniere’s Disease, and Vestibular Neuronitis in Patients with Gout: A Longitudinal Follow-Up Study Using a National Health Screening Cohort. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(1), 185. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12010185