Organosilica-Based Membranes in Gas and Liquid-Phase Separation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Pure Organosilica Membranes
2.1. Sol-Gel Method
2.1.1. Effect of the Composition Ratio
2.1.2. Effect of Calcination Temperature
2.1.3. Effect of Other Factors
2.2. CVD Method
2.3. The Effect of Organic Groups
3. Hybrid Organosilica Membrane
3.1. Metal Doping
3.2. Alkoxysilane Co-Condensation
3.3. Other Types of Hybrid Organosilica
4. Conclusions and Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
APTES or PA | 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane |
BTESM | bis(triethoxysilyl)methane |
BTESE | 1,2-bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane |
BTESP | 1,3-bis(triethoxysilyl)propane |
BTMSH | 1,6-bis(trimethoxysilyl)hexane |
BTESB | bis(triethoxysilyl)benzene |
BTESO | 1,8-bis(triethoxysilyl)octane |
BTESEthy | 1,2-bis(triethoxysilyl)ethylene |
BTESA | 1,2-bis(triethoxysilyl)acetylene |
BTES-ED | 2,5-bis[2 -(triethoxysilyl)ethyl]-1,4-dioxane |
BTES-MAz | 1,4-bis(triethoxysilylmethyl)-1,2,3-triazole |
BTMES | bis(trimethoxysilyl)ethane |
BTMSN or BTMS-Nor | bis(trimethoxysilyl)norbornane |
BTPP | 4,6-bis(3-triethoxysilyl-1-propoxy)-1,3-pyrimidine |
DMDMS | dimethoxydimethylsilane |
DMDPS | dimethoxydiphenylsilane |
HMDS or HMDSO | Hexamethyldisiloxane |
HMTES | hydroxymethyl(triethoxy)silane |
IM | N-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazole |
LDA | 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyl-trimethoxysilane |
MTES | methyltriethoxysilane |
MTMS, or MTMOS | methyltrimethoxysilane |
PhTES | phenyltriethoxysilane |
PTMS | phenyltrimethoxysilane |
QA | 3-(triethoxysilyl)-N, N-dimethylpropan-1-amine |
SA | 4,6-bis(3-triethoxysilyl-1-propoxy)-1,3-pyrimidine |
TA | 3-(triethoxysilyl)-N-methylpropan-1-amine |
TEFS | triethoxyfluorosilane |
TMMS, or TMMOS | trimethylmethoxysilane |
TRIES | triethoxysilane |
TTESPT | 2,4,6-tris[3-(triethoxysilyl)-1-propoxy]-1,3,5-triazine |
TPMS | triphenylmethoxysilane |
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Composition | Water Ratio, Acid Ratio, Solvent Ratio |
---|---|
Calcination temperature | 100–600 °C |
Other method factors | Spin-coating, UV-irradiation |
Precursor | Organic Group | T [°C] | H2 Permeance [10−7 mol m−2 s−1 Pa−1] | Selectivity | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BTESM | 200 | ~10 | H2/N2: 70 | [15] | |
H2/CH4: 150 | |||||
200 50 | 2.4 6.32 a 17.9 | H2/N2: 20.7 C3H6/C3H8: 8.8 H2/N2: 12 | [61] [62] [63] | ||
BTESE | 200 200 40 200 200 200 | 11 ~10 7.66 20–100 2.2 16–34 | H2/CH4: 150 CO2/N2: 36 H2/CH4: >400 H2/N2: ~20 H2/SF6: 1000–25500 CO2/N2: >100 H2/C3H8: 2600–5800 | [61] [15] [16] [26] [37] [39] | |
BTESP | 200 | ~8 | H2/CH4: ~50 | [15] | |
BTMSH | 200 | ~2.5 | H2/CH4: ~10 | [15] | |
BTESB | 200 200 | 2 15.2 | H2/CH4: ~25 H2/N2: 8.4 | [15] [63] | |
BTESO | 200 40 | ~7 6.63 23.2 | H2/CH4: ~5 CO2/N2: ~12 H2/N2: 5.3 | [15] [16] [17] | |
BTESEthy | 200 | 17 | H2/N2: 40 | [64] | |
BTSEA | 200 | 26.8 | H2/N2: 10.3 | [19] | |
BTMSN | 200 | 7 | H2/N2: 12 | [65] | |
BTES-ED | 200 | 6 | H2/N2: 11 H2/SF6: 1160 | [65] | |
BTES-MAz | 50 | 0.0295 | C3H6/C3H8: 37 | [66] | |
BTPP | 35 | ~0.6 | H2/N2: ~50CO2/N2: 25 | [67] |
Precursor | Organic Group | Separation System | T [°C] | Flux [kg m−2 h−1] /Perm [10−13 m3 m−2 s−1 Pa−1] | Permeated H2O%/Rejection | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BTESM | 95%EtOH/H2O a | 70 | 1.18 | 92.2% | [61] | |
BTESE | 95%EtOH/H2O a 90%IPA/H2O a 90%IPA/H2O a 95%BuOH/H2O a 2% NaCl b | 70 75 75 70 80 | 0.73 3.54 1.9–3 20 10 | 89.2% 96% 96–99% 99% 98.1% | [61] [68] [69] [70] [71] | |
BTESB | 95%BuOH/H2O a | 95 | 3 | 32.6 | [17] | |
BTESO | 95%BuOH/H2O a | 95 | 3.2 | 92.7 | [17] | |
BTESEthy | 2%NaCl a 2% NaCl b | 70 25 | 14.2 2 | 99.6% 97% | [64] [19] | |
BTSEA | 2% NaCl b | 25 | 8.5 | 95% | [19] | |
BTMSN | 2%NaCl b | 25 | 0.1 | 95% | [72] | |
BTES-ED | 2%NaCl b | 25 | 1.84 | 98.5% | [65] | |
BTES-MAz TTESPT | 2%NaCl b 2%NaCl b | 25 60 | 3.7–5.4 >10 | 95–96% >98.5 | [73] [63] |
Precursor | Organic Group | T [°C] | Permeance [10−7 mol m−2 s−1 Pa−1] | Selectivity | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MTES | 200 | H2: 5 | H2/N2: 15 H2/C3H8: 1300 | [51] | |
PhTES | 200 | H2: 2 | H2/N2: 7.4 H2/C3H8: 13.1 | [51] | |
MTMS | 25 | H2: 0.09 | He/N2: 15 * | [58] | |
DMDMS | 500 | H2: 2.8 | H2/N2: 2000 * | [49] | |
TMMS | 25 | H2: 0.1 | He/N2: 7.8 * | [58] | |
APTES | 300 | H2: ~1.5 | H2/N2: 13.9 | [74] | |
SA | 35 | CO2: 0.17 | CO2/N2: 11 | [22] | |
TA | 35 | CO2: 1.72 | CO2/N2: 21 | [22] | |
QA | 35 | CO2: 0.52 | CO2/N2: 24 | [22] | |
TEFS | 35 | C3H6: 2.2 | C3H6/C3H8: 42 | [21] |
Precursor | Organic Group | Separation System | T [°C] | Flux [ kg m−2 h−1] /Perm [10−13 m3 m−2 s−1 Pa−1] | Permeated H2O%/Rejection | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
APTES | 95%EtOH/H2O a | 70 | 0.2–2.1 | ~90% | [74] | |
HMTES | 2%NaCl b | 25 | 7.3 | 86.4% | [32] | |
IM | 95%EtOH/H2O a | 70 | 1–3.4 | ~95% | [74] | |
LDA | 95%EtOH/H2O a | 70 | 2.2–4.1 | ~94% | [74] |
Hybrid Material | Application | Separation System |
---|---|---|
MTES/TEOS | Gas separation; PV Nanofiltration | H2/other gas; Dehydration of alcohol/water Hexane/polyolefin oligomers |
MTMS/TEOS | Intermediate layer | CO2/N2 in water vapor |
BTESE/TEOS | Gas separation | O2/SO2 |
BTPP/TEOS | Gas separation | CO2/other gas |
BTPP/BTESE | Gas separation | CO2/other gas |
MTES/BTESE | PV Gas separation | Dehydration of alcohol/water H2/other gas |
HMTES/BTESE | RO | H2O/NaCl |
HMTES/BTESEthy | RO | H2O/NaCl |
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Ren, X.; Tsuru, T. Organosilica-Based Membranes in Gas and Liquid-Phase Separation. Membranes 2019, 9, 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes9090107
Ren X, Tsuru T. Organosilica-Based Membranes in Gas and Liquid-Phase Separation. Membranes. 2019; 9(9):107. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes9090107
Chicago/Turabian StyleRen, Xiuxiu, and Toshinori Tsuru. 2019. "Organosilica-Based Membranes in Gas and Liquid-Phase Separation" Membranes 9, no. 9: 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes9090107