Mental Imagery and Acute Exercise on Episodic Memory Function
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. General Protocol for Visits
- Participants were familiarized with the exercise protocol, for both the actual exercise engagement and mental imagery of exercise task. This involved showing the participants where the actual exercise would occur, which was along a straight line inside an indoor racquetball court.
- Participants performed several sprints along this pathway to allow them to be familiarized with the subsequent visits (actual vs. mental imagery of acute exercise). After they performed these sprints, which involved jogging from one end of the court to the other and touching the wall on the opposite side once they reached it, they engaged in a familiarization session of imagined exercise. That is, they sat down and, with their eyes closed, imagined themselves running to the other side of the court, touching the wall, and running back.
- For 10 min, participants engaged in an acute exercise bout that involved running sprints in an indoor racquetball court (20 s sprint, followed by 60 s of walking; repeated until 10 min had elapsed).
- After a 2 min slow walk back to the laboratory, participants engaged in 5 min of seated rest.
- Participants engaged in a paired-associate learning (PAL) task, a 30 s arithmetic distraction task, and then immediate recall of the PAL.
- Participants performed a treasure-hunt task (what-where-when) and then a delayed recall of the PAL.
- Participants then left the laboratory.
- For 10 min, participants engaged in mental imagery of running sprints (20 s sprint, followed by 60 s of walking; repeated until 10 min had elapsed). The mental-imagery session occurred while participants were seated in the racquetball court.
- After a 2 min slow walk to the laboratory, participants engaged in 5 min of seated rest.
- Participants engaged in a paired-associate learning (PAL) task, a 30 s arithmetic distraction task, and immediate recall of the PAL.
- Participants performed a treasure-hunt task (what-where-when) and then delayed recall of the PAL.
3. Participants
3.1. Exercise Assessment
3.2. Memory Assessment
3.3. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Mean (SD) |
---|---|
Age, mean years | 21.5 (1.2) |
Gender, % Female | 54.2 |
Race-Ethnicity, % White | 83.3 |
BMI, mean kg/m2 | 25.4 (4.0) |
MVPA, mean min/week | 167.9 (115.5) |
Condition | Mean BPM |
---|---|
Actual Exercise | |
Rest | 83.4 (8.4) |
Midpoint | 150.7 (19.8) |
Endpoint | 151.1 (18.7) |
Mental Imagery of Exercise | |
Rest | 77.3 (11.4) |
Midpoint | 78.5 (13.7) |
Endpoint | 84.7 (13.7) |
PAL, Mean # | Actual Exercise | Mental Imagery of Exercise |
---|---|---|
Immediate | 3.9 (2.5) | 3.6 (1.8) |
Delayed | 3.3 (2.6) | 3.0 (1.9) |
WWW, mean % | ||
Overall | 59.9 (28.2) | 61.5 (21.3) |
What | 96.3 (9.5) | 98.1 (2.4) |
Where | 83.6 (8.8) | 84.3 (13.9) |
When | 89.5 (8.2) | 90.0 (9.7) |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Johnson, L.; Yao, J.; Zou, L.; Xiao, T.; Loprinzi, P.D. Mental Imagery and Acute Exercise on Episodic Memory Function. Brain Sci. 2019, 9, 237. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9090237
Johnson L, Yao J, Zou L, Xiao T, Loprinzi PD. Mental Imagery and Acute Exercise on Episodic Memory Function. Brain Sciences. 2019; 9(9):237. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9090237
Chicago/Turabian StyleJohnson, Lauren, Jie Yao, Liye Zou, Tao Xiao, and Paul D. Loprinzi. 2019. "Mental Imagery and Acute Exercise on Episodic Memory Function" Brain Sciences 9, no. 9: 237. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9090237