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Article

Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis and Energy Dispersion X-ray Microanalysis to Evaluate the Effects of Decontamination Chemicals and Heat Sterilization on Implant Surgical Drills: Zirconia vs. Steel

by
Antonio Scarano
1,2,3,*,
Sammy Noumbissi
2,4,
Saurabh Gupta
2,5,
Francesco Inchingolo
6,
Pierbiagio Stilla
1 and
Felice Lorusso
7
1
Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences and CeSI-Me, University of Chieti-Pescara, 3166100 Chieti, Italy
2
Zirconia Implant Research Group (Z.I.R.G.), International Academy of Ceramic Implantology, Silver Spring, MD 20901, USA
3
Department of Oral Implantology, Dental Research Division, College Ingà, UNINGÁ, Cachoeiro de Itapemirim 29312, Brazil
4
International Academy of Ceramic Implantology, Zirconia Implant Research Group (Z.I.R.G.), University of Chieti-Pescara, 3166100 Chieti, Italy
5
Private Practice Dentistry, Bangalore 560001, India
6
Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy
7
Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 3166100 Chieti, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(14), 2837; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9142837
Submission received: 3 June 2019 / Revised: 8 July 2019 / Accepted: 10 July 2019 / Published: 16 July 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Engineering for Surgery)
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Abstract

Background: Drills are an indispensable tool for dental implant surgery. Today, there are ceramic zirconium dioxide and metal alloy drills available. Osteotomy drills are critical instruments since they come in contact with blood and saliva. Furthermore, they are reusable and should be cleaned and sterilized between uses. Depending on the material, sterilizing agents and protocols can alter the surface and sharpness of implant drills. The hypothesis is that cleaning and sterilization procedures can affect the surface structure of the drills and consequently reduce their cutting efficiency. Methods: Eighteen zirconia ceramic drills and eighteen metal alloy drills were evaluated. Within the scope of this study, the drills were not used to prepare implant sites. They were immersed for 10 min in human blood taken from volunteer subjects and then separately exposed to 50 cycles of cleansing with 6% hydrogen peroxide, cold sterilization with glutaraldehyde 2%, and autoclave heat sterilization. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersion X-ray (EDX) microanalysis were conducted before and after each cycle and was used to evaluate the drill surfaces for alterations. Results: After exposure to the cleansing agents used in this study, alterations were seen in the steel drills compared to zirconia. Conclusions: The chemical sterilization products used in this study cause corrosion of the metal drills and reduce their sharpness. It was observed that the cycles of steam sterilization did not affect any of the drills. Zirconia drill surfaces remained stable.
Keywords: implant drills; zirconium dioxide; sterilization; disinfection; cleaning; corrosion; implant failure implant drills; zirconium dioxide; sterilization; disinfection; cleaning; corrosion; implant failure

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MDPI and ACS Style

Scarano, A.; Noumbissi, S.; Gupta, S.; Inchingolo, F.; Stilla, P.; Lorusso, F. Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis and Energy Dispersion X-ray Microanalysis to Evaluate the Effects of Decontamination Chemicals and Heat Sterilization on Implant Surgical Drills: Zirconia vs. Steel. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 2837. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9142837

AMA Style

Scarano A, Noumbissi S, Gupta S, Inchingolo F, Stilla P, Lorusso F. Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis and Energy Dispersion X-ray Microanalysis to Evaluate the Effects of Decontamination Chemicals and Heat Sterilization on Implant Surgical Drills: Zirconia vs. Steel. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9(14):2837. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9142837

Chicago/Turabian Style

Scarano, Antonio, Sammy Noumbissi, Saurabh Gupta, Francesco Inchingolo, Pierbiagio Stilla, and Felice Lorusso. 2019. "Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis and Energy Dispersion X-ray Microanalysis to Evaluate the Effects of Decontamination Chemicals and Heat Sterilization on Implant Surgical Drills: Zirconia vs. Steel" Applied Sciences 9, no. 14: 2837. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9142837

APA Style

Scarano, A., Noumbissi, S., Gupta, S., Inchingolo, F., Stilla, P., & Lorusso, F. (2019). Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis and Energy Dispersion X-ray Microanalysis to Evaluate the Effects of Decontamination Chemicals and Heat Sterilization on Implant Surgical Drills: Zirconia vs. Steel. Applied Sciences, 9(14), 2837. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9142837

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