Crossover Effect in Cement-Based Materials: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods of Accelerating Strength Gain
2.1. Effect of Elevated Temperature Curing on Strength Gain
2.2. Effect of Steam Curing on Strength Gain
2.3. Effect of Autoclaving on Strength Gain
2.4. Effect of Hot Water Curing on Strength Gain
2.5. Effect of Curing Period on Strength Gain
3. COE and Mechanism
4. Effect of Different Types of Portland Cements on COE Phenomenon
5. Effect of Cementitious Materials on COE Phenomenon for Prolonged Curing
5.1. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
5.2. Blast Furnace Slag, Fly Ash and Silica Fume
6. Effect of Cementitious Materials on COE Phenomenon Due to Different Initial Curing Temperatures
6.1. Blast Furnace Slag
6.2. Ternary Blended Cements
6.3. Natural Pozzolan and Limestone Powder
7. Materials Controlling COE Phenomenon
8. Conclusions
- (1)
- Pure and blended cement products subjected to accelerated curing temperatures show faster hydration and non-homogeneous scattering of hydration products that may result in the COE of their compressive strengths.
- (2)
- The COE in compressive strengths of pure and blended cement products depends on the initial curing temperatures from lower to higher values and the amount of internal water present for hydration.
- (3)
- The detection of the COE depends on the duration of testing, loss of water loss, temperature and techniques of curing, porosity, type of cement used, proportions of mineral additions, mineralogical characteristics of mineral additions and specific surface and composition of cement used.
- (4)
- The COE in pure and blended cement products can appear even after 7 days onwards.
- (5)
- The compressive strength loss at later ages in accelerated cured specimens ranges from 2.2% to 31% at 40–60 °C for accelerated prolong curing.
- (6)
- The COE due to accelerated curing can occur at curing temperature as low as 40 °C.
- (7)
- The COE can be controlled using slag blended cement with 80% replacement of GGBFS by OPC, 25–50% addition of slag powder in blended cement mortars, type V Portland cement concrete under an accelerated curing temperature of up to 50 °C as well as blended mortars with different percentages of natural pozzolan.
9. Recommendations for Future Studies
- COE phenomenon was studied mainly on CBMs containing pure OPC or OPC-slag blended cements. Further studies on the CBMs incorporating other types of SCMs are required.
- The mechanism of COE phenomenon is still unclear. A quantitative study in terms of microstructure and chemistry of materials exhibiting COE may help to understand this phenomenon.
- The existing data of the accelerated curing is mainly for short time. While, COE may happen at later ages. In addition, the most elevated temperatures reported in the literature for curing of CBMs are in the range of 40–60 °C. Therefore, studies are required to investigate the effect of elevated temperatures more than 60 °C for long terms.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CBMs | cement-based materials |
COE | crossover effect |
SCMs | supplementary cementitious materials |
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Number | Name of Mix | Curing Condition | Age at Which COE Occurred | COE (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | OM-WH-ac | Water bath heated followed by air curing under room temperature | 90 days | 7.14 |
2 | OM-WH-wc | Curing at water bath heated and then water curing | 90 days | 5.13 |
3 | OM-OH-ac | Oven heated curing and then air curing under room temperature | 56 days | 4.30 |
4 | OM-OH-wc | Oven heated curing and then water curing | 90 days | 4.70 |
5 | OM-G6/WH-ac | Water bath heated followed by air curing under room temperature | 56 days | 5.0 |
Paste Name | w/b Ratio | Age at Which COE Occurred | COE (%) |
---|---|---|---|
OPC paste | 0.3 | 28 | 7.2 |
90 | 7.2 | ||
365 | 8.2 | ||
0.4 | 7 | 7.6 | |
28 | 17.3 | ||
90 | 18.3 | ||
365 | 18.3 | ||
0.5 | 7 | 2.9 | |
28 | 11.5 | ||
90 | 14.4 | ||
365 | 12 | ||
BFS40 | 0.3 | 365 | 5.2 |
0.4 | 28 | 0.1 | |
90 | 9.8 | ||
365 | 5 | ||
0.5 | 28 | 2.6 | |
90 | 3.9 | ||
365 | 10.2 | ||
BFS80 | No COE was observed at all w/b ratios up to 365 days |
Paste Name | % Age Replacement | Age at Which COE Occurred | % Age of COE |
---|---|---|---|
OPC | 0 | 28 | 10.9 |
60 | 16.3 | ||
90 | 15.3 | ||
BFS30 | 30 | 28 | 23.7 |
60 | 18.5 | ||
90 | 27.8 | ||
BFS50 | 50 | 28 | 18.2 |
60 | 3.7 | ||
90 | 18.9 |
Paste Name | Age at Which COE Occurred | COE (%) |
---|---|---|
OPC | 28 | 10.9 |
60 | 16.3 | |
90 | 15.3 | |
OPC-NP10 | 28 | 8.2 |
60 | 8.3 | |
90 | 15.7 | |
OPC-NP20 | 28 | 14.7 |
60 | 13.9 | |
90 | 17.7 | |
OPC-NP30 | 28 | 13 |
60 | 11.4 | |
90 | 2.1 | |
OPC-NP40 | 28 | 1.5 |
60 | 3.2 | |
90 | 17.6 | |
OPC-L5 | 28 | 6 |
60 | 13 | |
90 | 17.1 | |
OPC-L15 | 28 | 17.3 |
60 | 17.5 | |
90 | 17.2 | |
OPC-L25 | 90 | 7.5 |
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Yousuf, S.; Shafigh, P.; Ibrahim, Z.; Hashim, H.; Panjehpour, M. Crossover Effect in Cement-Based Materials: A Review. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 2776. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9142776
Yousuf S, Shafigh P, Ibrahim Z, Hashim H, Panjehpour M. Crossover Effect in Cement-Based Materials: A Review. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9(14):2776. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9142776
Chicago/Turabian StyleYousuf, Sumra, Payam Shafigh, Zainah Ibrahim, Huzaifa Hashim, and Mohammad Panjehpour. 2019. "Crossover Effect in Cement-Based Materials: A Review" Applied Sciences 9, no. 14: 2776. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9142776