3D Printing and Characterization of HA/Mg-Reinforced PLA–PHA–PHB Composite Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications

Raziyan, Motahareh Sadat; Janusas, Giedrius; Grodzki, Wojciech; Borucińska-Parfieniuk, Ewa; Urbaite, Sigita; Perkowski, Dariusz M.

doi:10.3390/app16083647

Open AccessArticle

3D Printing and Characterization of HA/Mg-Reinforced PLA–PHA–PHB Composite Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications

by

Motahareh Sadat Raziyan

¹

,

Giedrius Janusas

^1,*

,

Wojciech Grodzki

²,

Ewa Borucińska-Parfieniuk

²

,

Sigita Urbaite

¹

and

Dariusz M. Perkowski

²

¹

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentų 56, 51424 Kaunas, Lithuania

²

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45C, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(8), 3647; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16083647

Submission received: 9 March 2026 / Revised: 30 March 2026 / Accepted: 4 April 2026 / Published: 8 April 2026

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonlinear Dynamics in Mechanical Engineering and Thermal Engineering)

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Abstract

This research introduces a new hydroxyapatite-based composite, designed as a bone-implant scaffold—easy, quick, economical, and closely mimicking the structure of natural bone. Additive manufacture was used to print bioactive material to form a scaffold structure. Thus, during the experimental research, three different composite materials were made to examine both their mechanical and morphological properties. Numerical modeling was used to maximize and prove the mechanical and biological performance of the HA-polymer grafts. The obtained results indicated that incorporating HA and Mg particles into a polymeric matrix allows the structure to be used in tissue engineering. Best results were obtained using a structure, designed from PLA and PHA at 30%, PHB at 25%, Mg at 5%, and HA at 10%. The composite was distinguished by its lightness, strength, and biocompatibility, making it suitable for tissue engineering.

Keywords: biopolymers; hydroxyapatite; bone-tissue engineering; bioactive scaffold; additive manufacture

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MDPI and ACS Style

Raziyan, M.S.; Janusas, G.; Grodzki, W.; Borucińska-Parfieniuk, E.; Urbaite, S.; Perkowski, D.M. 3D Printing and Characterization of HA/Mg-Reinforced PLA–PHA–PHB Composite Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications. Appl. Sci. 2026, 16, 3647. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16083647

AMA Style

Raziyan MS, Janusas G, Grodzki W, Borucińska-Parfieniuk E, Urbaite S, Perkowski DM. 3D Printing and Characterization of HA/Mg-Reinforced PLA–PHA–PHB Composite Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications. Applied Sciences. 2026; 16(8):3647. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16083647

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raziyan, Motahareh Sadat, Giedrius Janusas, Wojciech Grodzki, Ewa Borucińska-Parfieniuk, Sigita Urbaite, and Dariusz M. Perkowski. 2026. "3D Printing and Characterization of HA/Mg-Reinforced PLA–PHA–PHB Composite Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications" Applied Sciences 16, no. 8: 3647. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16083647

APA Style

Raziyan, M. S., Janusas, G., Grodzki, W., Borucińska-Parfieniuk, E., Urbaite, S., & Perkowski, D. M. (2026). 3D Printing and Characterization of HA/Mg-Reinforced PLA–PHA–PHB Composite Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications. Applied Sciences, 16(8), 3647. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16083647

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3D Printing and Characterization of HA/Mg-Reinforced PLA–PHA–PHB Composite Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications

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