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Applied Sciences
Volume 16
Issue 11
10.3390/app16115406
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Review

A Review of Airport Security and Resilience Analysis: Integration of Risk Modelling Frameworks

by
Lintong Li
1,†,
Yunhao Li
1,†,
Washington Yotto Ochieng
1,
William Graham Proud
2,
Mingyang Huang
3,
Mireille El Hajj
1 and
Arnab Majumdar
1,*
1
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
2
Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
3
Key Laboratory of Intelligent Bionic Unmanned Systems, School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(11), 5406; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16115406 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 9 April 2026 / Revised: 22 May 2026 / Accepted: 25 May 2026 / Published: 28 May 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Security Aspects and Energy Efficiency in Sensor Networks)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Airports, as Critical National Infrastructure (CNI), operate as tightly coupled socio-technical systems exposed to multifaceted threats, including cyber, physical, social, environmental, and Chemical, Biological and Radiological (CBR) threats. This study presents a structured review of the synthesis of conceptual frameworks, airport structural configurations, sensor networks, and multi-domain threat landscapes, as well as airport security and resilience analysis, while comparatively examining risk assessment approaches. The review shows that existing approaches are effective for threat identification and prioritisation but remain predominantly static, with limitations in scalability, data dependency, and real-time applicability. To address these limitations, Threat-Vulnerability-Risk Assessment (TVRA) is adopted as a structured, reusable approach to support metric allocation, redundancy design, and emergency capability development. It further serves as a bridge between traditional risk assessment and resilience-oriented system design by enabling the transformation of static risk scores into scenario-based inputs, thereby supporting stress-testing and lifecycle-based resilience planning across the prepare, act, and recover phases. However, its inherently static structure limits its ability to capture temporal dynamics and cascading interdependencies, highlighting the need to integrate it with dynamic modelling approaches.
Keywords: airport security; airport resilience; risk assessment; Threat–Vulnerability–Risk Assessment; logic-based modelling; probabilistic modelling; operational and behaviour-oriented modelling; critical national infrastructure airport security; airport resilience; risk assessment; Threat–Vulnerability–Risk Assessment; logic-based modelling; probabilistic modelling; operational and behaviour-oriented modelling; critical national infrastructure

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MDPI and ACS Style

Li, L.; Li, Y.; Ochieng, W.Y.; Proud, W.G.; Huang, M.; El Hajj, M.; Majumdar, A. A Review of Airport Security and Resilience Analysis: Integration of Risk Modelling Frameworks. Appl. Sci. 2026, 16, 5406. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16115406

AMA Style

Li L, Li Y, Ochieng WY, Proud WG, Huang M, El Hajj M, Majumdar A. A Review of Airport Security and Resilience Analysis: Integration of Risk Modelling Frameworks. Applied Sciences. 2026; 16(11):5406. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16115406

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li, Lintong, Yunhao Li, Washington Yotto Ochieng, William Graham Proud, Mingyang Huang, Mireille El Hajj, and Arnab Majumdar. 2026. "A Review of Airport Security and Resilience Analysis: Integration of Risk Modelling Frameworks" Applied Sciences 16, no. 11: 5406. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16115406

APA Style

Li, L., Li, Y., Ochieng, W. Y., Proud, W. G., Huang, M., El Hajj, M., & Majumdar, A. (2026). A Review of Airport Security and Resilience Analysis: Integration of Risk Modelling Frameworks. Applied Sciences, 16(11), 5406. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16115406

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