An Energy-Efficient Hybrid System Combining Sentinel-2 Satellite Data and Ground-Based Single-Pixel Detector for Crop Monitoring

Spišić, Josip; Vinko, Davor; Žarko, Ivana Podnar; Galić, Vlatko

doi:10.3390/app152413241

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An Energy-Efficient Hybrid System Combining Sentinel-2 Satellite Data and Ground-Based Single-Pixel Detector for Crop Monitoring

¹

Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Information Technology Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia

²

Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia

³

Agricultural Institute Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(24), 13241; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152413241

Submission received: 12 November 2025 / Revised: 9 December 2025 / Accepted: 12 December 2025 / Published: 17 December 2025

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Security Aspects and Energy Efficiency in Sensor Networks)

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Abstract

Precision agriculture will continue to heavily rely on data-driven models to enable more intensive crop monitoring and data-driven decisions. The available remote sensing techniques, particularly those based on multispectral Sentinel-2 data, still have major shortcomings due to cloud cover, low temporal resolution, and time lags in data availability. To address these shortcomings, this paper proposes a hybrid approach that combines Sentinel-2 satellite data with real-time data generated by low-cost ground-based single-pixel detectors (SPDs), such as the AS7263. This hybrid approach addresses key shortcomings in existing agricultural monitoring systems and offers a cost-effective, scalable solution for real-time monitoring and prediction of end-of-season yield, moisture, and plant height using simple PLRS models implemented directly in SPDs with an energy-efficient algorithm for deployment on the STM32G030 microcontroller.

Keywords: single pixel detector; Sentinel-2; NDVI; AS7263; sensor networks; energy efficiency

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MDPI and ACS Style

Spišić, J.; Vinko, D.; Žarko, I.P.; Galić, V. An Energy-Efficient Hybrid System Combining Sentinel-2 Satellite Data and Ground-Based Single-Pixel Detector for Crop Monitoring. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 13241. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152413241

AMA Style

Spišić J, Vinko D, Žarko IP, Galić V. An Energy-Efficient Hybrid System Combining Sentinel-2 Satellite Data and Ground-Based Single-Pixel Detector for Crop Monitoring. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(24):13241. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152413241

Chicago/Turabian Style

Spišić, Josip, Davor Vinko, Ivana Podnar Žarko, and Vlatko Galić. 2025. "An Energy-Efficient Hybrid System Combining Sentinel-2 Satellite Data and Ground-Based Single-Pixel Detector for Crop Monitoring" Applied Sciences 15, no. 24: 13241. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152413241

APA Style

Spišić, J., Vinko, D., Žarko, I. P., & Galić, V. (2025). An Energy-Efficient Hybrid System Combining Sentinel-2 Satellite Data and Ground-Based Single-Pixel Detector for Crop Monitoring. Applied Sciences, 15(24), 13241. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152413241

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An Energy-Efficient Hybrid System Combining Sentinel-2 Satellite Data and Ground-Based Single-Pixel Detector for Crop Monitoring

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