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Volume 15
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10.3390/app15031194
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Article

Stability of Fatty Acids, Tocopherols, and Carotenoids of Sea Buckthorn Oil Encapsulated by Spray Drying Using Different Carrier Materials

by
Patricija Čulina
1,
Sandra Balbino
2,
Dubravka Vitali Čepo
3,
Nikolina Golub
3,
Ivona Elez Garofulić
2,
Verica Dragović-Uzelac
2,
Lijun You
4 and
Sandra Pedisić
1,*
1
Centre for Food Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, P. Kasandrića 3, 23000 Zadar, Croatia
2
Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
3
Department for Nutrition and Diet Therapy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
4
School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 1194; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031194
Submission received: 18 December 2024 / Revised: 17 January 2025 / Accepted: 21 January 2025 / Published: 24 January 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Food Science and Technology)
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Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the retention of fatty acids, α-tocopherol, and carotenoids in sea buckthorn oil (SBO) encapsulated with gum arabic (GA), β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), and their mixture (1:1) under pre-optimized spray drying conditions in comparison to the bioactive molecule (BAM) content of the non-encapsulated oil. In addition, the color parameters in the spray-dried powders and the bioaccessibility of β-carotene, which has the highest provitamin A activity, were evaluated. The fatty acid content remained almost unchanged, while statistically significant differences in α-tocopherol and carotenoid content were found between the SBO encapsulated with different carriers and the non-encapsulated oil. The retention of tocopherols and carotenoids compared to the non-encapsulated SBO ranged from 62.13 to 87.23% and from 21.17 to 97.61%, respectively. SBO encapsulated with β-CD showed significantly higher retention of α-tocopherol (87.23%) and individual carotenoids (40.71–97.61%). In addition, the powders showed no significant differences in color parameters, and the powders encapsulated with GA and β-CD showed high bioaccessibility of β-carotene (92.50 and 90.45%, respectively). β-CD proved to be the most suitable carrier for the encapsulation of the carotenoids and α-tocopherol of SBO, resulting in powders with high bioaccessibility of β-carotene.
Keywords: sea buckthorn oil; spray drying; carrier; fatty acids; α-tocopherol; carotenoids; color parameters; bioaccessibility sea buckthorn oil; spray drying; carrier; fatty acids; α-tocopherol; carotenoids; color parameters; bioaccessibility

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MDPI and ACS Style

Čulina, P.; Balbino, S.; Vitali Čepo, D.; Golub, N.; Elez Garofulić, I.; Dragović-Uzelac, V.; You, L.; Pedisić, S. Stability of Fatty Acids, Tocopherols, and Carotenoids of Sea Buckthorn Oil Encapsulated by Spray Drying Using Different Carrier Materials. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 1194. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031194

AMA Style

Čulina P, Balbino S, Vitali Čepo D, Golub N, Elez Garofulić I, Dragović-Uzelac V, You L, Pedisić S. Stability of Fatty Acids, Tocopherols, and Carotenoids of Sea Buckthorn Oil Encapsulated by Spray Drying Using Different Carrier Materials. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(3):1194. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031194

Chicago/Turabian Style

Čulina, Patricija, Sandra Balbino, Dubravka Vitali Čepo, Nikolina Golub, Ivona Elez Garofulić, Verica Dragović-Uzelac, Lijun You, and Sandra Pedisić. 2025. "Stability of Fatty Acids, Tocopherols, and Carotenoids of Sea Buckthorn Oil Encapsulated by Spray Drying Using Different Carrier Materials" Applied Sciences 15, no. 3: 1194. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031194

APA Style

Čulina, P., Balbino, S., Vitali Čepo, D., Golub, N., Elez Garofulić, I., Dragović-Uzelac, V., You, L., & Pedisić, S. (2025). Stability of Fatty Acids, Tocopherols, and Carotenoids of Sea Buckthorn Oil Encapsulated by Spray Drying Using Different Carrier Materials. Applied Sciences, 15(3), 1194. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031194

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