Assessment of Pesticide Content in Apples and Selected Citrus Fruits Subjected to Simple Culinary Processing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Material
2.2. Culinary Processing
- Apples: the test material consisted of whole fruits, unpeeled and unwashed, apple peel and flesh, and also samples of whole apples after simple washing in a stream of cold tap water for 15 s (about 1.5 L/1 fruit, the time of washing under tap water was shorter than in the model experiment [18], which was aimed at reproducing actual conditions of apple washing in households).
- Citrus fruits: the conventional procedure for preparation for consumption was applied, i.e., the test samples consisted of peeled fruits, in this case samples of peel and flesh, without prior washing of the fruits.
2.3. Chemicals
2.4. Preparation of Samples, Analytical Methods and Instrumentation
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Pesticide Residues in Apples and Citrus Fruits—Comparison
3.1.1. Apples
3.1.2. Citrus Fruits
3.2. Effect of Peeling on the Content of Pesticides
3.3. Effect of Conventional Washing of Fruits on the Content of Pesticides
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pesticide | Group | Range of Pesticides Concentration | MRL | LOQ mg/kg | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Whole Apples | Apple Peels | |||||||
2012 | 2020 | 2012 | 2020 | 2012 | 2020 | |||
boscalid | F | <LOQ–0.0613 d | <LOQ–0.1300 c | <LOQ–0.3245 b | <LOQ–0.7820 a | 2 mg/kg [22] | 2 mg/kg [23] | 0.0005 |
carbendazim | F | <LOQ–0.0298 b | <LOQ c | <LOQ–0.1691 a | <LOQ c | 0.2 mg/kg [24] | not approved | 0.0001 |
chlorpyrifos | A, I | <LOQ–0.0490 b | <LOQ c | <LOQ–0.2685 a | <LOQ c | 0.05 mg/kg [25] | not approved 0.01 mg/kg [26] | 0.0001 |
bupirimate | F | <LOQ–0.0098 b | <LOQ c | <LOQ–0.5000 a | <LOQ c | 0.3 mg/kg | 0.3 mg/kg [27] | 0.0001 |
difenoconazole | F | <LOQ–0.0096 b | <LOQ c | <LOQ–0.0432 a | <LOQ c | 0.5 mg/kg [28] | 0.8 mg/kg [29] | 0.0002 |
diphenylamine | PGR | 0.02820–0.130 b | <LOQ c | 0.1536–0.6773 a | <LOQ c | 5 mg/kg [30] | not approved 0.05 mg/kg [31] | 0.025 |
disulfoton | I | <LOQ–0.0321 b | <LOQ c | <LOQ–0.1858 a | <LOQ c | 0.01 mg/kg [32] | not approved | 0.0001 |
hexythiazox | A, I | <LOQ–0.0119 b | <LOQ c | <LOQ–0.068 a | <LOQ c | 1 mg/kg [33] | 1 mg/kg [33] | 0.0001 |
fenazaquin | A | <LOQ–0.0117 b | <LOQ c | <LOQ–0.044 a | <LOQ c | 0.1 mg/kg [34] | 0.1 mg/kg [35] | 0.0005 |
malathion | A, I | <LOQ–0.0291 b | <LOQ c | <LOQ–0.1534 a | <LOQ c | 0.02 mg/kg [36] | 0.02 mg/kg [37] | 0.0001 |
propargite | A | <LOQ–0.3540 b | <LOQ c | <LOQ–1.4943 a | <LOQ c | 3 mg/kg [30] | not approved 0.01 mg/kg [38] | 0.0001 |
pyraclostrobin | F, PGR | <LOQ–0.0370 d | <LOQ–0.087 c | <LOQ–0.1928 b | <LOQ–0.4470 a | 0.3 mg/kg [39] | 0.5 mg/kg [40] | 0.0002 |
pyrimethanil | F | <LOQ–0.1590 b | <LOQ c | <LOQ–0.6658 a | <LOQ c | 5 mg/kg [39] | 15 mg/kg [38] | 0.0005 |
thiophanate methyl | F | <LOQ–0.2380 b | <LOQ c | <LOQ–1.3310 a | <LOQ c | 0.5 mg/kg [24] | not approved | 0.0005 |
thiacloprid | I | <LOQ–0.0161 b | <LOQ c | <LOQ–0.0867 a | <LOQ c | 0.3 mg/kg [41] | not approved 0.3 mg/kg [35] | 0.0001 |
triflumuron | I | <LOQ–0.0082 b | <LOQ c | <LOQ–0.0508 a | <LOQ c | 0.5 mg/kg [25] | not approved 0.5 mg/kg [42] | 0.0001 |
flusilazole | F | <LOQ–0.0145 a | <LOQ b | <LOQ–0.0132 a | <LOQ b | 0.02 mg/kg [22] | not approved 0.01 mg/kg [43] | 0.0002 |
pirimicarb | I | <LOQ–0.092 b | <LOQ c | <LOQ–0.5001 a | <LOQ c | 2 mg/kg [44] | 0.5 mg/kg [45] | 0.0001 |
trifloxystrobin | F | <LOQ–0.0116 b | <LOQ c | <LOQ–0.0793 a | <LOQ c | 0.5 mg/kg [41] | 0.7 mg/kg [46] | 0.0001 |
methoxyfenozide | I | <LOQ–0.0136 b | <LOQ c | <LOQ–0.0932 a | <LOQ–0.0190 b | 2 mg/kg [47] | 2 mg/kg [48] | 0.0001 |
thiodicarb | I | <LOQ–0.0056 b | <LOQ c | <LOQ–0.0346 a | <LOQ c | 0.2 mg/kg [30] | not approved 0.01 mg/kg [49] | 0.0001 |
epoxiconazole | F | <LOQ–0.0116 b | <LOQ c | <LOQ–0.075 a | <LOQ c | 0.05 mg/kg [39] | not approved | 0.0001 |
hexaflumuron | I | <LOQ–0.0615 b | <LOQ c | <LOQ–0.321 a | <LOQ c | 0.01 mg/kg [15] | not approved | 0.0001 |
triadimenol | F | <LOQ–0.0128 b | <LOQ c | <LOQ–0.0791 a | <LOQ c | 0.2 mg/kg [22] | not approved 0.2 mg/kg [50] | 0.001 |
indoxacarb | I | <LOQ–0.0338 b | <LOQ c | <LOQ–0.2153 a | <LOQ c | 0.5 mg/kg [51] | 0.5 mg/kg [52] | 0.0002 |
cyprodinil | F | <LOQ–0.0094 b | <LOQ c | <LOQ–0.0588 a | <LOQ c | 1 mg/kg [33] | 2 mg/kg [53] | 0.001 |
fenpyroximate | A | <LOQ b | <LOQ b | <LOQ–0.0332 a | <LOQ b | 0.3 mg/kg [28] | 0.3 mg/kg [54] | 0.0001 |
iprovalicarb | F | <LOQ b | <LOQ b | <LOQ–0.0269 a | <LOQ b | 0.05 mg/kg [30] | 0.01 mg/kg [55] | 0.0001 |
lufenuron | I | <LOQ b | <LOQ b | <LOQ–0.0282 a | <LOQ b | 0.5 mg/kg [30] | not approved 1 mg/kg [54] | 0.0002 |
bentazon | H | <LOQ b | <LOQ b | <LOQ–0.0311 a | <LOQ b | 0.1 mg/kg [36] | 0.03 mg/kg [40] | 0.001 |
teflubenzuron | I | <LOQ b | <LOQ b | <LOQ–0.0286 a | <LOQ b | 1 mg/kg [25] | not approved 1 mg/kg [40] | 0.0001 |
captan | F | - | <LOQ–0.0230 b | - | <LOQ–0.396 a | 3 mg/kg [33] | 10 mg/kg (sum of captan and THPI, expressed as captan) [56] | 0.01 |
fludioxonil | F | - | <LOQ–0.0970 b | - | <LOQ–0.5300 a | 5 mg/kg [28] | 5 mg/kg [40] | 0.0001 |
tetrahydrophthalimide (THPI)–captan metabolite | F | - | 0.0530–0.4600 b | - | 0.3360–2.6610 a | 10 mg/kg (sum of captan and THPI, expressed as captan) [56] | 0.01 | |
fluopyram | F | - | <LOQ–0.0220 b | - | <LOQ–0.1310 a | 0.6 mg/kg [36] | 0.6 mg/kg [46] | 0.01 |
tebuconazole | F | - | <LOQ–0.0130 b | - | <LOQ–0.081 a | 1 mg/kg [57] | 0.3 mg/kg [58] | 0.0001 |
acetamiprid | I | - | <LOQ b | - | <LOQ–0.128 a | 0.7 mg/kg [39] | 0.4 mg/kg [59] | 0.0001 |
Pesticide | Group | Range of Pesticides Concentration | MRL | LOQ mg/kg | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Citrus Pulp | Citrus Peels | |||||||
2012 | 2020 | 2012 | 2020 | 2012 | 2020 | |||
chlorpyrifos | A, I | <LOQ–0.0070 c | <LOQ d | 0.0300–1.1350 a | <LOQ–0.1380 b | 0.01 mg/kg [25] | not approved 0.01 mg/kg [26] | 0.0001 |
imazalil | F | 0.0050–0.0190 c | 0.0050–0.0210 c | 0.0160–0.3860 b | 0.4320–1.10 a | 5mg/kg [44] | grapefruits and oranges 4 mg/kg lemons 5 mg/kg [54] | 0.0005 |
prochloraz | F | <LOQ–0.0080 b | <LOQ c | <LOQ–0.8840 a | <LOQ c | 10 mg/kg [51] | 0.03 mg/kg [88] | 0.0002 |
pyrimethanil | F | <LOQ–0.0180 c | <LOQ–0.0180 c | 0.0090–1.5550 b | 0.0100–1.8000 a | 10 mg/kg [39] | 8 mg/kg [38] | 0.0005 |
pyriproxyfen | I | <LOQ b | <LOQ b | <LOQ–0.0720 a | <LOQ b | 0.6 mg/kg [25] | 0.6 mg/kg [54] | 0.0001 |
thiabendazole | F | <LOQ b | <LOQ b | <LOQ–0.0640 a | <LOQ b | 5 mg/kg [30] | 7 mg/kg [89] | 0.0001 |
spirotetramat-enol spirotetramat-enol-glucoside | F | - - | <LOQ–0.0330 a <LOQ–0.0290 a | - - | <LOQ b 0.0090–0.0240 a | 0.5 mg/kg [90] 1 mg/kg (expressed as spirotetramat) [56] | 0.01 | |
acetamiprid | I | - | <LOQ b | - | <LOQ–0.0170 a | 1 mg/kg [39] | 0.9 mg/kg [59] | 0.0001 |
hexythiazox | A, I | - | <LOQ b | - | <LOQ–0.0110 a | 1 mg/kg [33] | 1 mg/kg [33] | 0.0001 |
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Kowalska, G.; Pankiewicz, U.; Kowalski, R. Assessment of Pesticide Content in Apples and Selected Citrus Fruits Subjected to Simple Culinary Processing. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 1417. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12031417
Kowalska G, Pankiewicz U, Kowalski R. Assessment of Pesticide Content in Apples and Selected Citrus Fruits Subjected to Simple Culinary Processing. Applied Sciences. 2022; 12(3):1417. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12031417
Chicago/Turabian StyleKowalska, Grażyna, Urszula Pankiewicz, and Radosław Kowalski. 2022. "Assessment of Pesticide Content in Apples and Selected Citrus Fruits Subjected to Simple Culinary Processing" Applied Sciences 12, no. 3: 1417. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12031417