Experimental Validation of a Thermo-Electric Model of the Photovoltaic Module under Outdoor Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Literature Review of the Existing Studies
1.2. Aims and Specifics of the Current Research
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Set-Up
2.2. Dynamic Electric Model of the Photovoltaic Module
2.3. Dynamic Temperature Model of the Photovoltaic Module
3. Results
Meteorological and Experimental Data
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
PV | photovoltaic |
PV/T | photovoltaic/thermal |
STC | standard test condition |
RMSE | root mean square error |
MAE | mean absolute error |
NOCT | nominal operating cell temperature |
MPPT | maximum power point tracking |
EVA | ethylene-vinyl acetate |
Quantities used in equations: | |
APV | surface area of the PV module |
C | heat capacity |
d | thickness |
Eg0 | bandwidth of cell material |
FF | fill factor |
G | solar radiation |
GSTC | input signal |
hcond | conductive heat transfer coefficient |
hconv | convective heat transfer coefficient |
I01 | reverse saturation current of the first diode |
I02 | reverse saturation current of the second diode |
IDC | direct current |
IMPP,STC | |
Iph | photocurrent |
ISC | short-circuit current |
ISC,STC | maximal output current |
K | Boltzmann constant (1.38065 × 1023 J/K) |
k | thermal conductivity |
Ki | extinction coefficient |
n | real refractive index |
n1 | the diode ideality factor of the first diode |
n2 | the diode ideality factor of the second diode |
NS | number of series-connected PV cells |
PDC | direct output power |
PSTC | output power under STC conditions |
q | electron charge (1.602 × 1019 C) |
Rs | series resistance |
Rsh | shunt resistance |
T | operating temperature of the PV module |
Ta | ambient temperature |
TSTC | output signal |
v | wind speed |
VDC | direct voltage |
VMPP,STC | |
VOC | open-circuit voltage |
VOC,STC | open-circuit voltage under STC conditions |
VT1 | thermal voltage of the first diode |
VT2 | thermal voltage of the second diode |
α | absorptivity |
Θ1 | angle of incidence |
Θ2 | angle of reflection |
temperature coefficient of PMPP | |
temperature coefficient of ISC | |
temperature coefficient of VOC | |
ρ | density |
τg | transmissivity |
φ1 | heat flux ratio |
φ2 | thermal radiation flux |
Appendix A
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Uncertainty | Calibration | |
---|---|---|
Temperature sensor: DS18x20 | ±0.5 °C (from −10 to 85 °C) | 6 years ago |
Wind speed sensor: VMT107A | ±0.5 m/s | 6 years ago |
Solar radiation sensor—pyranometer: Kipp&Zonen SP Lite 2 | <1% | 6 years ago |
Ambient temperature sensor: TPR 159 (Pt100) | ±0.15 °C | 6 years ago |
AC measurement—Power Meter: Siemens Sentron PAC4200 | Current: ±0.2% Voltage: ±0.2% | 3 months ago |
DC measurement—Hall Effect Sensor: T201DCH100 | Current: ±0.5% Voltage: ±0.5% | 3 months ago |
PV Future—PVF 60M | |
---|---|
Dimensions (l × w × s) [mm] | 993 × 1648 × 40 |
Cell size [mm2] | 156 × 156 |
PMPP [W] | 260 |
VMPP [V] | 31 |
IMPP [A] | 8.45 |
VOC [V] | 37.8 |
ISC [A] | 8.9 |
[%/°C] | 0.040 |
[%/°C] | −0.330 |
[%/°C] | −0.445 |
NOCT [°C] | 45 |
Number of series connected cells | 60 |
ρ [kg/m3] | C [J/kgK] | k [W/mK] | d [mm] | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Glass | 3000 | 500 | 1.8 | 4 |
EVA | 960 | 2090 | 0.35 | 0.4 |
PV cell | 2330 | 677 | 148 | 0.3 |
Tedlar (PVF) | 1200 | 1250 | 0.2 | 0.4 |
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Sredenšek, K.; Štumberger, B.; Hadžiselimović, M.; Seme, S.; Deželak, K. Experimental Validation of a Thermo-Electric Model of the Photovoltaic Module under Outdoor Conditions. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 5287. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115287
Sredenšek K, Štumberger B, Hadžiselimović M, Seme S, Deželak K. Experimental Validation of a Thermo-Electric Model of the Photovoltaic Module under Outdoor Conditions. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(11):5287. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115287
Chicago/Turabian StyleSredenšek, Klemen, Bojan Štumberger, Miralem Hadžiselimović, Sebastijan Seme, and Klemen Deželak. 2021. "Experimental Validation of a Thermo-Electric Model of the Photovoltaic Module under Outdoor Conditions" Applied Sciences 11, no. 11: 5287. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115287