Immune-Enhancing Effects of Red Platycodon grandiflorus Root Extract via p38 MAPK-Mediated NF-κB Activation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Red Platycodon grandiflorus Root Extract (RPGE) Preparation
2.2. Cell Culture and Reagents
2.3. Splenocyte Isolation
2.4. Cell Viability Assay
2.5. Phagocytosis Assay
2.6. Measurement of Nitric Oxide (NO) Production
2.7. RNA Isolation and Real-Time Reverse Transcription–Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)
2.8. Quantification of Cytokine Levels
2.9. Luciferase Assay
2.10. Western Blot Analysis
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. RPGE Increases Phagocytic Activity in RAW 264.7 Cells
3.2. RPGE Enhances NO Production in RAW 264.7 Cells
3.3. RPGE Increases Cytokine Levels in RAW 264.7 Cells
3.4. RPGE Activates NF-κB and MAPK Signaling in RAW 264.7 Cells
3.5. RPGE-Induced NF-κB Activation Is Associated with p38 MAPK in RAW 264.7 Cells
3.6. RPGE Induces Cell Proliferation and Increases IL-10 Expression Levels in Mouse Splenocytes
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Genes | Forward Sequence | Reverse Sequence | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Nos2 | GCGAAAGGTCATGGCTTCAC | CTGGTCCATGCAGACAACCT | This study |
Ptgs2 | CATCCCCTTCCTGCGAAGTT | GGCCCTGGTGTAGTAGGAGA | This study |
Tnf-α | TGTCCCTTTCACTCACTGGC | CATCTTTTGGGGGAGTGCCT | [13] |
IL-1b | AACTGTTCCTGAACTCAACTGT | GAGATTTGAAGCTGGATGCTCT | [14] |
IL-6 | GGGACTGATGCTGGTGACAA | TCCACGATTTCCCAGAGAACA | [13] |
Actb | GACGTTGACATCCGTAAAG | CAGTAACAGTCCGCCT | [2] |
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Park, E.-J.; Lee, Y.-S.; Kim, S.M.; Jung, A.J.; Yoo, J.-H.; Lee, S.-H.; Jeong, H.C.; Lee, H.-J. Immune-Enhancing Effects of Red Platycodon grandiflorus Root Extract via p38 MAPK-Mediated NF-κB Activation. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 5457. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10165457
Park E-J, Lee Y-S, Kim SM, Jung AJ, Yoo J-H, Lee S-H, Jeong HC, Lee H-J. Immune-Enhancing Effects of Red Platycodon grandiflorus Root Extract via p38 MAPK-Mediated NF-κB Activation. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(16):5457. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10165457
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Eun-Jung, You-Suk Lee, Sung Min Kim, Ah Jin Jung, Jeong-Hyun Yoo, Sung-Hyen Lee, Hyun Cheol Jeong, and Hae-Jeung Lee. 2020. "Immune-Enhancing Effects of Red Platycodon grandiflorus Root Extract via p38 MAPK-Mediated NF-κB Activation" Applied Sciences 10, no. 16: 5457. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10165457
APA StylePark, E.-J., Lee, Y.-S., Kim, S. M., Jung, A. J., Yoo, J.-H., Lee, S.-H., Jeong, H. C., & Lee, H.-J. (2020). Immune-Enhancing Effects of Red Platycodon grandiflorus Root Extract via p38 MAPK-Mediated NF-κB Activation. Applied Sciences, 10(16), 5457. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10165457