Effects of Choline Chloride, Copper Sulfate and Zinc Oxide on Long-Term Stabilization of Microencapsulated Vitamins in Premixes for Weanling Piglets
State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Animals 2019, 9(12), 1154; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9121154
Received: 6 November 2019 / Revised: 6 December 2019 / Accepted: 12 December 2019 / Published: 16 December 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trace elements (minerals and vitamins) in non-ruminant livestock nutrition)
Simple Summary
Vitamins are essential to animal health and need to be obtained from the diet. As a result of the rapid development of the vitamin industry, microencapsulated vitamins are now available as vitamin sources for premix plants, but vitamins are labile nutrients that are sensitive to the chemical and physical factors that decrease their stability. The current literature on the stability of vitamins in vitamin premixes and vitamin/trace mineral premixes is limited. The most recent recommendations for fortification to overcome losses are provided by a technical bulletin from the company BASF (Badische Anilin-und-Soda-Fabrik). This work has served as the foundation for their recommendations for nearly 20 years; however, the matrix of modern premixes has changed, and conclusions derived from previous studies may no longer hold true, because of changes in vitamin production processing (e.g., microencapsulation) and nutritional content [e.g., choline chloride and high concentrations of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) for weanling piglets]. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the rate of vitamin retention in vitamin or vitamin/trace mineral (VTM) premixes, characterize the effects of choline chloride and high concentrations of Cu and Zn on the stability of vitamins and evaluate vitamin stability in vitamin and vitamin/trace mineral premixes during storage.
Two in vitro experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of choline chloride, copper sulfate (CuSO4) and zinc oxide (ZnO) on the stability of vitamin A (VA), vitamin D3 (VD3), vitamin E (VE), vitamin K3 (VK3), vitamin B1 (VB1), vitamin B2 (VB2), vitamin B6 (VB6), niacin, and pantothenic acid in vitamin and vitamin/trace mineral (VTM) premixes for weanling piglets after 0, 1, 2, 3, 6 and 12 months of premix storage. We developed predicted equations to estimate vitamin retention during storage. Two vitamin premixes (with or without choline) were formulated and stored at 25 °C and 60% humidity to establish the storage stability of vitamin premixes. Additionally, four VTM premixes were used to evaluate the effect of choline chloride (0 vs. 40,000 mg/kg) and trace minerals (Low CuSO4 + ZnO vs. High CuSO4 + ZnO) on vitamin stability in VTM premixes stored at room temperature (22 °C). In general, as storage time increased, residual vitamin activity decreased (p < 0.05). The results confirmed that VD3, VE, VB2, VB6, niacin and pantothenic acid were highly stable during storage, while the retention of VA, VK3 and VB1 was significantly affected by storage time and the presence of choline and high concentrations of Cu and Zn in the premix. After one year of storage, the retention of VE, VB2, VB6 niacin, and pantothenic acid was more than 90% in vitamin and VTM premixes. The retention of VD3 was more than 90% in vitamin premixes and more than 80% in VTM premixes after one year of storage. We conclude that current microencapsulation techniques for vitamin premixes appear to be inadequate to guarantee VA, VK3, and VB1 concentrations in VTM premixes.
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Keywords:
choline chloride; copper sulfate; premixes; stability; microencapsulated vitamins; zinc oxide
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MDPI and ACS Style
Yang, P.; Wang, H.; Zhu, M.; Ma, Y. Effects of Choline Chloride, Copper Sulfate and Zinc Oxide on Long-Term Stabilization of Microencapsulated Vitamins in Premixes for Weanling Piglets. Animals 2019, 9, 1154.
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