Situation Analysis and Recommendations for the Biosecurity Status of Dairy Farms in Punjab, India: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling Strategy
2.2. Ethical Statement
2.3. Data Collection and Biosecurity Quantification
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Herd Characteristics
3.2. Biosecurity Scoring of Dairy Farms and Comparison with Global Mean Scores
3.3. External Biosecurity
3.4. Internal Biosecurity
3.5. Correlation Analysis and Farm Type Comparisons
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Biosecurity Parameter | Mean (%) | SD (%) | Median (%) | Min (%) | Max (%) | Global Mean (%) (n = 1848) * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total external biosecurity score | 45.4 | 18 | 42 | 17 | 84 | 67 |
(a) Purchase and reproduction | 30.6 | 17.1 | 25 | 4 | 66 | 78 |
(b) Transport and carcass removal | 52.9 | 28.4 | 52 | 0 | 100 | 47 |
(c) Feed and water | 61 | 22.4 | 64 | 15 | 100 | 59 |
(d) Visitors and farmworkers | 47.6 | 21.1 | 49 | 9 | 92 | 70 |
(e) Vermin control and other animals | 63 | 25.2 | 65.5 | 0 | 96 | 62 |
Total internal biosecurity score | 43.7 | 22.4 | 33.5 | 14 | 85 | 37 |
(a) Health management | 33.6 | 32 | 18.5 | 0 | 93 | 31 |
(b) Calving management | 42.4 | 22.1 | 27 | 11 | 91 | 31 |
(c) Calf management | 41.6 | 20.2 | 34.5 | 10 | 82 | 43 |
(d) Dairy management | 55.1 | 18.6 | 53 | 12 | 85 | 47 |
(e) Adult cattle management | 76.6 | 17.2 | 75 | 28 | 100 | 40 |
(f) Working organization and equipment | 41.9 | 31.1 | 17 | 3 | 100 | 38 |
Overall biosecurity score | 44.8 | 19.6 | 38 | 18 | 83 | 52 |
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Dhaka, P.; Chantziaras, I.; Vijay, D.; Singh, M.; Bedi, J.S.; Caekebeke, N.; Dewulf, J. Situation Analysis and Recommendations for the Biosecurity Status of Dairy Farms in Punjab, India: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Animals 2023, 13, 3458. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13223458
Dhaka P, Chantziaras I, Vijay D, Singh M, Bedi JS, Caekebeke N, Dewulf J. Situation Analysis and Recommendations for the Biosecurity Status of Dairy Farms in Punjab, India: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Animals. 2023; 13(22):3458. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13223458
Chicago/Turabian StyleDhaka, Pankaj, Ilias Chantziaras, Deepthi Vijay, Manmeet Singh, Jasbir Singh Bedi, Nele Caekebeke, and Jeroen Dewulf. 2023. "Situation Analysis and Recommendations for the Biosecurity Status of Dairy Farms in Punjab, India: A Cross-Sectional Survey" Animals 13, no. 22: 3458. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13223458
APA StyleDhaka, P., Chantziaras, I., Vijay, D., Singh, M., Bedi, J. S., Caekebeke, N., & Dewulf, J. (2023). Situation Analysis and Recommendations for the Biosecurity Status of Dairy Farms in Punjab, India: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Animals, 13(22), 3458. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13223458