The Health and Behavioural Effects of Individual versus Pair Housing of Calves at Different Ages on a UK Commercial Dairy Farm
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Housing
2.2. Calf Nutrition
2.3. Performance and Health
2.4. Novel Object Appraoch
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Weight Gain
3.2. Concentrate Feed Intake
3.3. Passive Transfer
3.4. Disease Occurrence
3.5. Novel Object Approach
4. Discussion
4.1. Weight Gain
4.2. Concentrate Feed Intake
4.3. Disease Occurrence
4.4. Novel Object Approach
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Clinical Sign | Individual | Pair Housedfrom Birth | Pair Housed at 3 Weeks | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bovine Respiratory Disease | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 (4.1%) |
Cough | 5 | 5 | 7 | 17 (17.5%) |
Diarrhoea | 1 | 7 | 4 | 12 (12.4%) |
Diarrhoea and Cough | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 (2.1%) |
Diarrhoea and Nasal Discharge | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 (1.0%) |
Diphtheria | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 (1.0%) |
Nasal Discharge | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 (1.0%) |
No Disease | 11 | 27 | 21 | 59 (60.9%) |
Thoracic ultrasound score 2 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 5 (5.2%) |
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Mahendran, S.A.; Wathes, D.C.; Booth, R.E.; Blackie, N. The Health and Behavioural Effects of Individual versus Pair Housing of Calves at Different Ages on a UK Commercial Dairy Farm. Animals 2021, 11, 612. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030612
Mahendran SA, Wathes DC, Booth RE, Blackie N. The Health and Behavioural Effects of Individual versus Pair Housing of Calves at Different Ages on a UK Commercial Dairy Farm. Animals. 2021; 11(3):612. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030612
Chicago/Turabian StyleMahendran, Sophie A., D. Claire Wathes, Richard E. Booth, and Nicola Blackie. 2021. "The Health and Behavioural Effects of Individual versus Pair Housing of Calves at Different Ages on a UK Commercial Dairy Farm" Animals 11, no. 3: 612. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030612
APA StyleMahendran, S. A., Wathes, D. C., Booth, R. E., & Blackie, N. (2021). The Health and Behavioural Effects of Individual versus Pair Housing of Calves at Different Ages on a UK Commercial Dairy Farm. Animals, 11(3), 612. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030612