A High Plane of Nutrition Is Associated with a Lower Risk for Neonatal Calf Diarrhea on Bavarian Dairy Farms
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Group P Median (Q1/Q3) * or n (%) | Group C Median (Q1/Q3) * or n (%) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Number of cows | 75 (62–108) | 75 (70–100) | 0.86 |
Number of heifers | 40 (30–68) | 55 (42–69) | 0.08 |
Number of calves | 30 (20–40) | 25 (20–37) | 0.81 |
Breed | |||
German Fleckvieh | 33 (55.9%) | 17 (94.4%) | 0.00 |
German Holstein | 3 (5.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
German Braunvieh | 7 (11.9%) | 1 (5.6%) | |
Multiple breeds | 16 (27.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
Milk yield (kg) | 8300 (7663–8950) | 9000 (8175–9500) | 0.03 |
Milk fat (%) | 4.2 (4.1–4.3) | 4.2 (4.1–4.2) | 0.64 |
Milk protein (%) | 3.5 (3.4–3.6) | 3.6 (3.5–3.6) | 0.08 |
Somatic cell count (mL) | 150,000 (120,000–176,500) | 150,000 (132,500–180,000) | 0.53 |
Calving interval (days) | 382 (375–400) | 372.5 (368–379) | 0.01 |
Replacement rate (%) | 25 (20–30) | 28 (24–30) | 0.26 |
Housing system | |||
Cubicle house | 56 (94.9%) | 17 (94.4%) | 1.00 |
Other | 3 (5.1%) | 1 (5.6%) | |
Ventilation | |||
Outdoor climate | 33 (55.9%) | 10 (55.6%) | 0.98 |
Other | 26 (44.1%) | 8 (44.4%) | |
Youngstock housed separately | |||
Yes | 20 (33.9%) | 4 (22.2%) | 0.35 |
No | 39 (66.1%) | 14 (77.8%) |
Variable | Group P Median (Q1/Q3) * or n (%) | Group C Median (Q1/Q3) * or n (%) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Percentage of colostrum samples with Brix values below 22% Brix | 66.7 (50.0–77.8) | 60.0 (40.0–66.7) | 0.24 |
Percentage of colostrum samples with Total bacteria count < 100.000 cfu/mL. | 20.0 (9.3–50.0) | 11.1 (0–22) | 0.23 |
Percentage of colostrum samples with Total coliform count < 10.000 cfu/mL. | 94.5 (67.5–100.0) | 85.0 (60.0–100.0) | 0.39 |
Dam vaccination prepartum (against rotavirus, coronavirus, E. coli) | |||
Yes | 29 (49.2%) | 9 (50.0%) | 0.95 |
No | 30 (50.8%) | 9 (50.0%) | |
Source of colostrum | |||
Calf’s dam only | 57 (96.6%) | 18 (100.0%) | 1.00 |
Pool | 2 (3.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
Esophageal feeder is used sometimes | |||
Yes | 33 (55.9%) | 12 (66.7%) | 0.42 |
No | 26 (44.1%) | 6 (33.3%) | |
Warming of colostrum (multiple selections possible) | |||
Not performed | 20 (33.9%) | 8 (44.4%) | |
Water bath | 26 (44.1%) | 5 (27.8%) | |
Immersion header | 20 (33.9%) | 7 (38.9%) | |
Microwave | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (5.6%) | |
Pasteurization | 1 (1.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
First colostrum meal within 2 h of life | |||
Yes | 43 (72.9%) | 15 (83.3%) | 0.54 |
No | 16 (27.1%) | 3 (16.7%) | |
Volume of colostrum at first meal | |||
3 liters | 19 (32.2%) | 10 (55.6%) | 0.08 |
2 liters or as much as calf drinks | 40 (67.8%) | 8 (44.4%) | |
Volume of colostrum at second feeding | |||
3 liters or more | 28 (47.5%) | 15 (83.3%) | 0.01 |
Less than 3 liters | 31 (52.5%) | 3 (16.7%) | |
Percentage of calves with serum total protein concentration <58 g/L. | 69 (50–100) | 80 (50–100) | 0.68 |
Serum total protein concentration (g/L) | 5.3 (4.8–5.9) | 5.4 (4.9–5.7) | 1.00 |
Storage of fresh colostrum at 4 °C | |||
Yes | 8 (13.6%) | 6 (33.3%) | 0.07 |
No | 51 (86.4%) | 12 (66.7%) | |
Freezing of surplus colostrum | |||
Yes | 48 (81.4%) | 12 (66.7%) | 0.20 |
No | 11 (18.6%) | 6 (33.3%) |
Variable | Group P Median (Q1/Q3) * or n (%) | Group C Median (Q1/Q3) * or n (%) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Main feed source | |||
Milk replacer | 19 (32.2%) | 4 (22.2%) | 0.42 |
Whole milk | 40 (67.9%) | 14 (77.8%) | |
Feeding of acidified milk | |||
Yes | 24 (40.7%) | 7 (38.9%) | 0.89 |
No | 35 (59.3%) | 11 (61.1%) | |
Feeding of waste milk | |||
Yes | 17 (28.8%) | 6 (33.3%) | 0.71 |
No | 42 (71.2%) | 12 (66.7%) | |
Separate feeding bucket for each calf (first week) | |||
Yes | 35 (59.3%) | 16 (88.9%) | 0.02 |
No | 24 (40.7%) | 2 (11.1%) | |
Separate feeding bucket for each calf (later) | |||
Yes | 33 (55.9%) | 15 (83.3%) | 0.05 |
No | 26 (44.1%) | 3 (16.7%) | |
Automatic feeder | |||
Yes | 2 (3.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1.00 |
No | 57 (96.6%) | 18 (100.0%) | |
Number of feedings (first week) | |||
Ad libitum | 3 (5.1%) | 6 (33.3%) | 0.00 |
2 or 3 meals per day | 56 (94.9%) | 12 (66.7%) | |
Number of feedings (later) | |||
Ad libitum | 4 (6.8%) | 6 (33.3%) | 0.01 |
2 or 3 meals per day | 55 (93.2%) | 12 (66.7%) | |
Volume per feeding (first week) | |||
More than 3 L | 10 (16.9%) | 8 (44.4%) | 0.02 |
3 L or less | 49 (83.1%) | 10 (55.6%) | |
Volume per feeding (later) | |||
More than 3 L | 27 (45.8%) | 10 (55.6%) | 0.47 |
3 L or less | 31 (52.5%) | 8 (44.4%) | |
Additional feeding from second week on | |||
Roughage | 45 (76.3%) | 9 (50.0%) | 0.04 |
Calf starter | 22 (37.3%) | 6 (33.3%) | 0.78 |
Roughage and calf starter | 20 (33.9%) | 4 (22.2%) | 0.35 |
Calf TMR | 13 (22.0%) | 10 (55.6%) | 0.01 |
Water | 47 (79.7%) | 17 (94.4%) | 0.17 |
Cleaning of nipple after each feeding | |||
Yes | 29 (49.2%) | 9 (50.0%) | 0.95 |
No | 30 (50.8%) | 9 (50.0%) |
Variable | p-Value |
---|---|
Calving pen cleaned after every calving | 0.14 |
Newborn calves with dams longer than 3 h | 0.08 |
3 L of colostrum at first feeding | 0.08 |
3 or more liters of colostrum at second feeding | 0.01 |
Ad libitum feeding during first week of life | 0.00 |
Separate feeding bucket for each calf in first week of life | 0.02 |
Housing of calves close to cows | 0.04 |
Supplementation of iron after birth | 0.16 |
Variable | Regression Coefficient | Standard Error | Odds Ratio (OR) | 95% Confidence Interval | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 or more liters of colostrum at second feeding | −1.56 | 0.74 | 0.21 | 0.05–0.89 | 0.04 |
Ad libitum feeding during first week of life | −2.83 | 1.18 | 0.06 | 0.01–0.60 | 0.02 |
Supplementation of iron after birth | 2.39 | 1.11 | 10.94 | 1.25–95.62 | 0.03 |
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Lorenz, I.; Huber, R.; Trefz, F.M. A High Plane of Nutrition Is Associated with a Lower Risk for Neonatal Calf Diarrhea on Bavarian Dairy Farms. Animals 2021, 11, 3251. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113251
Lorenz I, Huber R, Trefz FM. A High Plane of Nutrition Is Associated with a Lower Risk for Neonatal Calf Diarrhea on Bavarian Dairy Farms. Animals. 2021; 11(11):3251. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113251
Chicago/Turabian StyleLorenz, Ingrid, Regina Huber, and Florian M. Trefz. 2021. "A High Plane of Nutrition Is Associated with a Lower Risk for Neonatal Calf Diarrhea on Bavarian Dairy Farms" Animals 11, no. 11: 3251. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113251