Long-Term Determinants of the Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in a Wild Ungulate Community
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Animal Sampling
2.3. Serological Testing
2.4. Data Collection
2.4.1. Individual Factors
2.4.2. Environmental Factors
2.4.3. Population Factors
2.4.4. Stochastic Factors
2.5. Risk Factor Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General
3.2. Factors Determining the Seroprevalence of T. gondii
3.2.1. Individual Factors
3.2.2. Environmental Factors
3.2.3. Population Factors
3.2.4. Stochastic Factors
4. Discussion
4.1. General Patterns of the Seroprevalence of T. gondii
4.2. Individual Factors
4.3. Environmental Factors
4.4. Population Factors
4.5. Stochastic Factors
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Red Deer | Fallow Deer | Wild Boar | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F df (x,y) | Estimate ± SD | p | F df (x,y) | Estimate ± SD | p | F df (x,y) | Estimate ± SD | p | |
Sex 1 | 0.44 (1, 420) | Female: −3.01 ± 0.99 | <0.01 | 0.22 (1, 695) | Female: 0.89 ± 0.38 | 0.03 | |||
Age 2 | 1.46 (2, 420) | Juveniles: 0.01 ± 0.81 Adults: 1.03 ± 0.70 | 0.04 | 2.86 (2, 695) | Juveniles: −3.76 ± 1.24 Adults: 0.85 ± 0.76 | <0.01 | |||
Presence of generalized TBL 3 | 2.95 (1, 420) | Positive: 0.59 ± 0.31 | 0.05 | 14.47 (1, 446) | Positive: 1.86 ± 0.48 | <0.01 | |||
DCOAST | 25.19 (1, 420) | 0.0002 ± 0.00002 | <0.01 | 5.69 (1, 446) | 0.00007 ± 0.00003 | 0.01 | 26.70 (1, 695) | 0.0001 ± 0.00002 | <0.01 |
DE | 17.67 (1, 420) | 0.0002 ± 0.00009 | 0.07 | ||||||
DHS | 2.93 (1, 695) | −0.0001 ± 0.00005 | <0.01 | ||||||
Closed habitat | 5.75 (1, 446) | −0.31 ± 0.15 | 0.04 | ||||||
Previous season´s rainfall | 3.24 (1, 420) | 0.01 ± 0.001 | <0.01 | 0.07 (1, 446) | −0.05 ± 0.01 | <0.01 | 2.40 (1, 695) | −0.0006 ± 0.001 | 0.15 |
Previous season´s temperature | 3.23 (1, 420) | −0.68 ± 0.32 | 0.04 | 3.88 (1, 446) | −1.61 ± 0.57 | <0.01 | |||
Red deer density | 0.43 (1, 420) | −0.11 ± 0.04 | <0.01 | 1.27 (1, 695) | −0.05 ± 0.03 | 0.07 | |||
Fallow deer density | 0.43 (1, 420) | 0.11 ± 0.06 | 0.04 | 6.03 (1, 446) | −0.42 ± 0.18 | 0.02 | 7.07 (1, 695) | −0.16 ± 0.07 | 0.02 |
Wild boar density | 4.1 (1, 695) | 0.34 ± 0.16 | 0.04 | ||||||
Horse density | 1.14 (1, 420) | 0.08 ± 0.05 | 0.10 | ||||||
Iberian lynx abundance | 5.81 (1, 446) | 3.56 ± 1.60 | 0.03 | 0 (1, 695) | −0.86 ± 0.45 | 0.06 | |||
Carnivores abundance | 13.88 (1, 420) | 0.35 ± 0.09 | <0.01 | ||||||
Sex * Rainfall | 10.18 (1, 420) | Rainfall * Female: −0.01 ± 0.002 | <0.01 | ||||||
Sex * Age | 2.34 (2, 695) | Female * juveniles: −0.97 ± 0.58 Female * ≥ adults: −1.01 ± 0.45 | 0.07 | ||||||
Temperature * Rainfall | 1.95 (1, 446) | 0.003 ± 0.0005 | <0.01 | ||||||
Rainfall * Age 2 | 7.19 (2, 695) | Rainfall * juveniles: 0.01 ± 0.002 Rainfall * adults: 0.0003 ± 0.001 | <0.01 |
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Barroso, P.; García-Bocanegra, I.; Acevedo, P.; Palencia, P.; Carro, F.; Jiménez-Ruiz, S.; Almería, S.; Dubey, J.P.; Cano-Terriza, D.; Vicente, J. Long-Term Determinants of the Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in a Wild Ungulate Community. Animals 2020, 10, 2349. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10122349
Barroso P, García-Bocanegra I, Acevedo P, Palencia P, Carro F, Jiménez-Ruiz S, Almería S, Dubey JP, Cano-Terriza D, Vicente J. Long-Term Determinants of the Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in a Wild Ungulate Community. Animals. 2020; 10(12):2349. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10122349
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarroso, Patricia, Ignacio García-Bocanegra, Pelayo Acevedo, Pablo Palencia, Francisco Carro, Saúl Jiménez-Ruiz, Sonia Almería, Jitender P. Dubey, David Cano-Terriza, and Joaquín Vicente. 2020. "Long-Term Determinants of the Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in a Wild Ungulate Community" Animals 10, no. 12: 2349. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10122349