Metabolomics Approach Explore Diagnostic Biomarkers and Metabolic Changes in Heat-Stressed Dairy Cows
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design and Animal Management
2.2. Sampling and Analysis
2.3. Measurements
2.4. 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) Spectroscopic Measurement
2.5. 1H NMR Data Handling
2.6. The Differential Metabolites Identification and the Analysis of the Metabolic Pathway
2.7. Calculation and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Environmental Conditions
3.2. Physiological Parameters and Animal Performance
3.3. 1H NMR Spectra of Milk and Blood Plasma Samples
3.4. Identification of Different Metabolites
3.5. Integration of Key Different Metabolic Pathways
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | TN 1 (Thermal Neutral) | HS 2 (Heat Stress) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Number of cows | 10 | 10 | |
Parity | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 3.2 ± 1.1 | 0.78 |
Lactation days | 146.2 ± 12 | 145 ± 25 | 0.95 |
Milk yield (kg) | 26.8 ± 1.5 | 27.2 ± 2.1 | 0.95 |
Average bodyweight (kg) | 604.4 ± 56.44 | 601.81 ± 78.97 | 0.95 |
Item | % |
---|---|
Ingredient | |
Silage (Corn silage) | 19.63 |
Alfalfa hay | 5.82 |
Hemarthriia altissima1 | 10.60 |
Sweet potato vine | 13.95 |
Corn meal | 23.50 |
Wheat bran | 6.00 |
Soybean meal | 9.70 |
Rapeseed meal | 6.00 |
Calcium fatty acids | 1.00 |
Limestone | 1.20 |
Calcium superphosphate | 1.00 |
Salt | 0.60 |
Premix 2 | 1.00 |
Total | 100 |
Roughage-to-concentrate | 50/50 |
Nutrient levels 3 | |
NEL 4 (MJ/kg) | 6.36 |
NEL (Mcal/kg) | 1.51 |
CP 5 | 16.18 |
NDF 6 | 36.46 |
ADF 7 | 22.96 |
Ca 8 | 1.06 |
P9 | 0.56 |
Item | Thermoneutral Period | Heat Stress Period | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Respiration rate (breaths/min) | 35.4 ± 4.7 | 82.3 ± 10.5 | <0.01 |
Rectal temperature (°C) | 38.6 ± 0.1 | 39.4 ± 0.3 | <0.01 |
Initial 1 BW (kg) | 604.4 ± 56.4 | 601.8 ± 79.0 | 0.91 |
Final BW (kg) | 612.2 ± 55.6 | 565.5 ± 74.6 | 0.17 |
BW changes (kg) | 7.8 ± 8.3 | −36.4 ± 11.2 | <0.01 |
2 DMI (kg) | 18.1 ± 2.5 | 15.5 ± 2.0 | <0.05 |
Milk yield (kg/d) | 28.6 ± 1.4 | 19.9 ± 2.1 | <0.05 |
Protein (%) | 3.2 ± 0.2 | 2.9 ± 0.9 | <0.05 |
Protein yield (g/d) | 914.5 ± 2.2 | 578.1 ± 1.8 | <0.01 |
Fat (%) | 3.6 ± 0.7 | 3.8 ± 0.6 | 0.12 |
Fat yield (g/d) | 1026.6 ± 3.2 | 753.8 ± 2.5 | <0.05 |
Lactose (%) | 4.9 ± 0.2 | 4.7 ± 0.2 | 0.19 |
Lactose yield(g/d) | 1407.2 ± 5.2 | 933.5 ± 3.8 | <0.05 |
Somatic cells count 1000/mL | 286± 8.2 | 312± 9.5 | 0.03 |
Metabolites 1 | Identification (ppm) and Multiplicity 2 | Correlation Coefficients (r) 3 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Milk | N-Acetyl glycoprotein | 2.06 (s) 4 | −0.73 | 0.02 |
O-Acetyl glycoprotein | 2.07 (s) | 0.68 | 0.01 | |
Citrate | 2.53 (d), 2.67 (d) 5 | 0.74 | <0.01 | |
Choline | 3.20 (s) | −0.64 | 0.03 | |
Glycerophosphorylcholine | 3.23 (s) | 0.63 | 0.01 | |
Methyl phosphate | 3.49 (d) | 0.68 | 0.1 | |
scyllo-Inositol | 3.36 (s) | −0.66 | 0.02 | |
Pyridoxamine | 7.67 (s) | −0.68 | 0.02 | |
Plasma | L2, L4: VLDL | 0.89 (br), 1.29 (br) 6 | 0.81 | <0.01 |
L3: LDL | 1.27 (br) | 0.66 | <0.01 | |
L6: Lipid | 2.01 (br) | 0.64 | <0.01 | |
Leucine | 0.96 (t) 7, 1.69 (m) 8 | 0.75 | <0.01 | |
3-Hydroxybutyrate | 1.20 (d) | 0.74 | <0.01 | |
Alanine | 1.48 (d) | −0.64 | <0.01 | |
Glutamate | 2.13 (m), 2.46 (m) | −0.65 | <0.01 | |
Glucose | 3.42 (t), 3.54 (dd) 3.71 (t), 3.73 (m) 3.84 (m), 5.23 (d) | −0.71 | <0.01 | |
Urea | 5.78 (br) | −0.66 | 0.02 | |
Histidine | 7.05 (s), 7.76(s) | −0.63 | <0.01 | |
1-Methylhistidine | 6.96 (s), 7.61(s) | −7.64 | <0.01 | |
Formate | 8.45 (s) | −0.68 | <0.01 |
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Yue, S.; Ding, S.; Zhou, J.; Yang, C.; Hu, X.; Zhao, X.; Wang, Z.; Wang, L.; Peng, Q.; Xue, B. Metabolomics Approach Explore Diagnostic Biomarkers and Metabolic Changes in Heat-Stressed Dairy Cows. Animals 2020, 10, 1741. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101741
Yue S, Ding S, Zhou J, Yang C, Hu X, Zhao X, Wang Z, Wang L, Peng Q, Xue B. Metabolomics Approach Explore Diagnostic Biomarkers and Metabolic Changes in Heat-Stressed Dairy Cows. Animals. 2020; 10(10):1741. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101741
Chicago/Turabian StyleYue, Shuangming, Siyan Ding, Jia Zhou, Chao Yang, Xiaofei Hu, Xiaonan Zhao, Zhisheng Wang, Lizhi Wang, Quanhui Peng, and Bai Xue. 2020. "Metabolomics Approach Explore Diagnostic Biomarkers and Metabolic Changes in Heat-Stressed Dairy Cows" Animals 10, no. 10: 1741. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101741