Effects of a Grain Source (Corn Versus Barley) and Starter Protein Content on Performance, Ruminal Fermentation, and Blood Metabolites in Holstein Dairy Calves
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design, Treatments, and Animal Management
2.2. Growth Performance and Parameters
2.3. Diet, Fecal, Ruminal, and Blood Samples Collection
2.4. Feed and Fecal Chemical Analysis and Digestibility Calculations
2.5. Ruminal Fermentation Profile
2.6. Blood Biochemical Analysis
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Performance and Nutrient Digestibility
3.2. Skeletal Growth Parameters
3.3. Ruminal Fermentation Profile
3.4. Blood Metabolites, Liver Enzymes, and Insulin
4. Discussion
4.1. Grain Source Effect
4.2. Effect of Starter Protein Level
4.3. Interaction of Grain Source and Starter Protein Content
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | Treatments 1 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
CG | BG | |||
19CP | 22CP | 19CP | 22CP | |
Ingredients | ||||
Alfalfa hay, chopped | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 |
Corn grain, ground | 586 | 506 | 0 | 0 |
Barley grain, ground | 0 | 0 | 626 | 536 |
Soybean meal | 240 | 320 | 200 | 290 |
Wheat bran | 40 | 40 | 40 | 40 |
Fat source | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
Molasses, beet pulp | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
Carbonate calcium | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 |
Di-calcium phosphate | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 |
Sodium bicarbonate | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
White salt | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Vitamin and mineral mix 2 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
Chemical composition | ||||
Metabolisable energy 3 (Mcal/kg) | 2.85 | 2.84 | 2.82 | 2.81 |
Crude protein 5 | 190 | 220 | 190 | 220 |
Rumen undegradable protein, % of CP 3 | 28.9 | 27.4 | 26.3 | 26.1 |
Non-fiber carbohydrate 4 | 546 | 511 | 503 | 473 |
Neutral detergent fiber 5 | 160 | 164 | 195 | 190 |
NDF: NFC | 0.29 | 0.32 | 0.38 | 0.40 |
Starch 6 | 361 | 333 | 335 | 295 |
Ether extract 5 | 43 | 43 | 40 | 41 |
Calcium 5 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
Phosphorus 5 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.7 |
Experimental diets particle size distribution | ||||
4.75, mm | 1.3 ± 0.06 | 1.4 ± 0.01 | 1.4 ± 0.03 | 1.3 ± 0.02 |
0.6, mm | 34.6 ± 0.32 | 35.5 ± 0.44 | 35.4 ± 0.42 | 34.8 ± 0.10 |
0.3, mm | 15.7 ± 0.14 | 13.9 ± 0.19 | 17.1 ± 0.12 | 15.4 ± 0.17 |
0.15, mm | 12.2 ± 0.07 | 11.3 ± 0.12 | 13.0 ± 0.18 | 12.9 ± 0.19 |
Pan | 10.5 ± 0.14 | 12.7 ± 0.10 | 10.7 ± 0.20 | 10.0 ± 0.22 |
Geometric mean particle size | 0.61 ± 0.02 | 0.63 ± 0.01 | 0.60 ± 0.02 | 0.61 ± 0.01 |
Item | Treatments 1 | SEM | p-Value 2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CG | BG | GS | CP | GS × CP | ||||
19CP | 22CP | 19CP | 22CP | |||||
Starter feed intake, g/d | ||||||||
Pre-weaning (d 3–59) | 430 | 434 | 388 | 368 | 43.0 | 0.21 | 0.86 | 0.78 |
Post-weaning (d 59–73) | 1975 | 1981 | 2110 | 1852 | 161.5 | 0.98 | 0.43 | 0.41 |
Entire period (d 3–73) | 650 | 656 | 634 | 583 | 80.4 | 0.56 | 0.76 | 0.70 |
Milk intake, g/d | 632 | 630 | 632 | 631 | 2.19 | 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.93 |
Total dry matter intake (milk + starter), g/d | ||||||||
Pre-weaning (d 3–59) | 1063 | 1067 | 1020 | 1004 | 48.10 | 0.27 | 0.89 | 0.83 |
Entire period (d 3–73) | 1195 | 1199 | 1178 | 1127 | 61.75 | 0.46 | 0.70 | 0.65 |
Average daily gain, g/d | ||||||||
Pre-weaning (d 3–59) | 490 | 496 | 541 | 560 | 47.98 | 0.09 | 0.72 | 0.88 |
Post-weaning (d 59–73) | 705 | 736 | 810 | 917 | 81.58 | 0.03 | 0.41 | 0.66 |
Entire period (d 3–73) | 521 | 530 | 580 | 611 | 43.83 | 0.08 | 0.64 | 0.80 |
Body weight, kg | ||||||||
Initial (d 3) | 39.3 | 39.1 | 39.2 | 39.3 | 1.06 | 0.93 | 0.96 | 0.86 |
Weaning (d 59) | 68.9 | 69.0 | 71.6 | 72.3 | 1.60 | 0.08 | 0.86 | 0.90 |
Final (d 73) | 75.9 | 76.3 | 79.7 | 81.4 | 1.89 | 0.05 | 0.66 | 0.79 |
Feed efficiency 3, g daily gain/g daily intake | ||||||||
Pre-weaning (d 3–59) | 0.456 | 0.462 | 0.529 | 0.557 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.70 | 0.89 |
Post-weaning (d 59–73) | 0.358 | 0.372 | 0.385 | 0.496 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.25 |
Entire period (d 3–73) | 0.436 | 0.443 | 0.493 | 0.541 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.67 | 0.91 |
Nutrients apparent digestibility, g/kg | ||||||||
Dry matter | 699 | 692 | 698 | 701 | 14.7 | 0.73 | 0.85 | 0.62 |
Crude protein | 718 | 740 | 743 | 752 | 24.8 | 0.33 | 0.39 | 0.79 |
Neutral detergent fiber | 605 | 637 | 613 | 649 | 18.6 | 0.50 | 0.03 | 0.91 |
Ether extract | 766 | 769 | 790 | 779 | 23.6 | 0.35 | 0.84 | 0.69 |
Item | Treatments 1 | SEM | p-Value 2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CG | BG | GS | CP | GS × CP | ||||
19CP | 22CP | 19CP | 22CP | |||||
Heart girth, cm | ||||||||
Initial (d 3) | 81.9 | 81.6 | 81.3 | 80.9 | 0.99 | 0.51 | 0.72 | 0.96 |
Weaning (d 59) | 98.3 | 98.7 | 99.5 | 99.4 | 1.05 | 0.37 | 0.87 | 0.83 |
Final (d 73) | 99.3 | 100.2 | 101.5 | 100.6 | 1.20 | 0.28 | 0.97 | 0.48 |
Body length, cm | ||||||||
Initial (d 3) | 44.4 | 45.9 | 46.8 | 46.4 | 1.02 | 0.16 | 0.59 | 0.36 |
Weaning (d 59) | 57.0 | 55.8 | 55.7 | 55.9 | 1.34 | 0.60 | 0.66 | 0.54 |
Final (d 73) | 61.1 | 60.3 | 59.4 | 60.2 | 1.09 | 0.42 | 0.97 | 0.47 |
Body girth, cm | ||||||||
Initial (d 3) | 84.8 | 84.7 | 83.4 | 83.1 | 1.20 | 0.22 | 0.86 | 0.93 |
Weaning (d 59) | 109.5 | 110.5 | 108.0 | 109.1 | 1.54 | 0.36 | 0.50 | 0.97 |
Final (d 73) | 114.9 | 114.7 | 114.5 | 116.2 | 1.79 | 0.76 | 0.67 | 0.60 |
Wither height, cm | ||||||||
Initial (d 3) | 78.7 | 79.7 | 78.0 | 78.9 | 0.85 | 0.38 | 0.27 | 0.95 |
Weaning (d 59) | 90.3 | 88.4 | 89.7 | 90.8 | 0.64 | 0.20 | 0.41 | 0.02 |
Final (d 73) | 91.8 | 90.2 | 91.7 | 92.9 | 0.71 | 0.04 | 0.54 | 0.03 |
Hip height, cm | ||||||||
Initial (d 3) | 81.8 | 81.0 | 80.6 | 81.7 | 0.91 | 0.74 | 0.91 | 0.28 |
Weaning (d 59) | 93.2 | 95.1 | 93.4 | 95.2 | 0.78 | 0.83 | 0.02 | 0.92 |
Final (d 73) | 94.3 | 95.8 | 95.6 | 97.0 | 0.72 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.94 |
Hip width, cm | ||||||||
Initial (d 3) | 19.7 | 20.7 | 20.0 | 20.2 | 0.27 | 0.80 | 0.13 | 0.31 |
Weaning (d 59) | 21.2 | 21.3 | 21.0 | 21.8 | 0.46 | 0.68 | 0.30 | 0.41 |
Final (d 73) | 22.1 | 22.2 | 22.2 | 22.5 | 0.36 | 0.54 | 0.55 | 0.73 |
Item | Treatments 1 | SEM | p-Value 2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CG | BG | GS | CP | GS × CP | ||||
19CP | 22CP | 19CP | 22CP | |||||
Ruminal pH | ||||||||
d 35 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 0.08 | 0.23 | 0.70 | 0.63 |
d 71 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 0.04 | 0.59 | 0.66 | 0.37 |
Ruminal NH3-N, mg/dL | ||||||||
d 35 | 9.8 | 11.1 | 9.1 | 9.4 | 0.45 | 0.08 | 0.23 | 0.45 |
d 71 | 13.2 | 14.6 | 11.1 | 12.1 | 0.71 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.28 |
Total short-chain fatty acids, mM/L | ||||||||
d 35 | 83 | 89 | 99 | 102 | 3.34 | 0.01 | 0.16 | 0.56 |
d 71 | 106 | 109 | 113 | 121 | 2.85 | 0.03 | 0.19 | 0.16 |
Individual short chain fatty acids, mM | ||||||||
Acetate (A) | ||||||||
d 35 | 54.0 | 50.9 | 49.1 | 46.2 | 1.47 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.92 |
d 71 | 53.6 | 52.9 | 53.1 | 50.3 | 1.02 | 0.13 | 0.17 | 0.23 |
Propionate (P) | ||||||||
d 35 | 29.2 | 30.3 | 31.7 | 33.4 | 1.11 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.98 |
d 71 | 32.7 | 33.4 | 34.8 | 36.3 | 1.08 | 0.09 | 0.49 | 0.79 |
A: P | ||||||||
d 35 | 1.87 | 1.66 | 1.55 | 1.38 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.81 |
d 71 | 1.65 | 1.60 | 1.53 | 1.41 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.30 | 0.68 |
Butyrate | ||||||||
d 35 | 11.8 | 12.2 | 15.1 | 14.9 | 1.25 | 0.04 | 0.93 | 0.79 |
d 71 | 8.7 | 9.0 | 7.9 | 8.9 | 1.22 | 0.80 | 0.72 | 0.84 |
Valerate | ||||||||
d 35 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 3.2 | 4.6 | 0.55 | 0.47 | 0.05 | 0.57 |
d 71 | 4.0 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 0.28 | 0.75 | 0.48 | 0.18 |
Isovalerate | ||||||||
d 35 | 0.86 | 1.04 | 0.83 | 0.79 | 0.29 | 0.65 | 0.81 | 0.71 |
d 71 | 0.75 | 0.83 | 0.51 | 0.72 | 0.15 | 0.53 | 0.51 | 0.89 |
Item | Treatments 1 | SEM | p-Value 2 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CG | BG | GS | CP | GS × CP | ||||
19CP | 22CP | 19CP | 22CP | |||||
Glucose, mg/dL | ||||||||
d 36 | 111 | 108 | 113 | 112 | 5.42 | 0.47 | 0.63 | 0.84 |
d 72 | 83 | 82 | 80 | 81 | 4.18 | 0.58 | 0.96 | 0.77 |
Beta-hydroxybutyrate, mM | ||||||||
d 36 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.009 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.46 |
d 72 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.89 | 0.61 |
Total protein, mg/L | ||||||||
d 36 | 5.9 | 6.1 | 5.7 | 5.9 | 0.15 | 0.22 | 0.12 | 0.93 |
d 72 | 6.1 | 6.6 | 6.3 | 6.5 | 0.25 | 0.70 | 0.14 | 0.56 |
Albumin, mg/L | ||||||||
d 36 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 0.05 | 0.97 | 0.44 | 0.53 |
d 72 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 0.07 | 0.76 | 0.27 | 0.75 |
Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL | ||||||||
d 36 | 13.7 | 16.2 | 13.7 | 15.5 | 1.06 | 0.31 | 0.23 | 0.34 |
d 72 | 21.2 | 26.0 | 17.7 | 21.9 | 1.99 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.63 |
Aspartate aminotransferase, IU/L | ||||||||
d 36 | 39.5 | 41.9 | 42.7 | 37.9 | 3.07 | 0.90 | 0.69 | 0.25 |
d 72 | 49.5 | 67.8 | 61.7 | 61.8 | 8.10 | 0.76 | 0.38 | 0.39 |
Alanine aminotransferase, IU/L | ||||||||
d 36 | 8.7 | 9.0 | 10.1 | 8.5 | 0.60 | 0.46 | 0.29 | 0.12 |
d 72 | 13.1 | 13.8 | 13.0 | 13.1 | 1.51 | 0.75 | 0.81 | 0.82 |
Insulin, IU/l | ||||||||
d 36 | 5.6 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 9.9 | 0.81 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.33 |
d 72 | 9.6 | 7.2 | 8.5 | 11.7 | 0.93 | 0.06 | 0.66 | 0.03 |
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Kazemi-Bonchenari, M.; Mirzaei, M.; HosseinYazdi, M.; Moradi, M.H.; Khodaei-Motlagh, M.; Pezeshki, A. Effects of a Grain Source (Corn Versus Barley) and Starter Protein Content on Performance, Ruminal Fermentation, and Blood Metabolites in Holstein Dairy Calves. Animals 2020, 10, 1722. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101722
Kazemi-Bonchenari M, Mirzaei M, HosseinYazdi M, Moradi MH, Khodaei-Motlagh M, Pezeshki A. Effects of a Grain Source (Corn Versus Barley) and Starter Protein Content on Performance, Ruminal Fermentation, and Blood Metabolites in Holstein Dairy Calves. Animals. 2020; 10(10):1722. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101722
Chicago/Turabian StyleKazemi-Bonchenari, Mehdi, Mehdi Mirzaei, Mehdi HosseinYazdi, Mohammad Hossein Moradi, Mahdi Khodaei-Motlagh, and Adel Pezeshki. 2020. "Effects of a Grain Source (Corn Versus Barley) and Starter Protein Content on Performance, Ruminal Fermentation, and Blood Metabolites in Holstein Dairy Calves" Animals 10, no. 10: 1722. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101722