Saved Queries

by Shan Liu, Mengmeng Chen, Yan Meng, Mingyang Xue, Yong Zhou, Liping Zhang, Peng Chen, Yuding Fan, Yazhen Yang and Zhenyu Huang

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050448 - 1 May 2026

Abstract

Feed supplements play a crucial role in improving and maintaining fish health in modern aquaculture practices. Squalene is a functional lipid naturally present in fatty tissues, possessing numerous beneficial biological properties and wide applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, the effects of 100 mg/kg (S1), 200 mg/kg (S2), 300 mg/kg (S3), and 400 mg/kg (S4) of dietary squalene supplementation over four weeks on growth performance, antioxidation, hepatoprotection, hypoxia tolerance, immune relative genes expression, and disease resistance of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) were assessed. The results showed that squalene supplementation significantly increased the weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) of largemouth bass (p < 0.05). Serum glucose (GLU) levels were significantly decreased in all squalene-supplemented groups (p < 0.05). Squalene supplementation had minimal effect on serum triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol in (TCHO) levels. A decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) level, but accompanied by increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and hepatic catalase (CAT) activities, was observed in the S1 group supplemented with squalene. These suggest that squalene may mitigate free radical damage and promote health in largemouth bass. Dietary squalene supplementation enhanced intestinal enzyme activities (trypsin, lipase, and α-amylase) in largemouth bass without inducing any apparent hepatic or histopathological alterations. Squalene supplementation improved hypoxia tolerance and antiviral gene expression (mx, ifn-γ, and irf3) while suppressing the expression of inflammatory cytokine (il-1β, il-8, and tnf-α). The survival rate following LMBRaV infection was significantly higher in the S1 group (100 mg/kg group) compared to the control (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that adding squalene into the diet of largemouth bass at an optimal level of 100 mg/kg effectively promotes growth performance, enhances digestive enzyme activity and hypoxia tolerance, and modulates lipid metabolism and immune gene expression, thereby contributing to improved resistance against LMBRaV. These findings confirm that squalene can serve as a beneficial functional feed additive in aquaculture. Full article

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22 pages, 3310 KB

Open AccessReview

Research on the Hippo Pathway in Cancer

by Fengqiu Dang, Shuhuan Dai, Tianqi Zhao, Rong Zhang, Long Chen and Yongxiang Zhao

Cells 2026, 15(9), 833; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells15090833 - 1 May 2026

Abstract

The Hippo, as a central pathway regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, stem cell homeostasis and organ development, is closely associated with the onset and progression of tumors, metabolic reprogramming, drug resistance and immune evasion when it is abnormally inactivated. The Hippo not only directly promotes tumor cell proliferation, maintains cancer stem cell properties, and mediates metabolic reprogramming and treatment resistance, but also reshapes the tumor microenvironment(TME) by regulating the formation, heterogeneity and function of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Furthermore, it mediates tumor immunosuppression and immune evasion by modulating programmed death-ligand 1(PD-L1) expression, T-cell function, macrophage polarization and cytokine secretion. At the same time, inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, metabolites and physical signals within the TME can negatively regulate the activity of the Hippo, creating a pro-tumor positive feedback loop. This article provides a systematic review of the composition and regulation of the Hippo , its mechanisms of action in the biological behavior of tumor cells and interactions within the tumor microenvironment, as well as progress in the development of drugs targeting this pathway. It offers a theoretical basis for a deeper understanding of the role of the Hippo in tumors and for the development of novel anti-tumor therapeutic strategies. Full article

50 pages, 9542 KB

Open AccessReview

Nanomaterial-Modified Screen-Printed Electrodes: Advances, Interfacial Engineering Evaluation, and Real-World Applications in Electrochemical Sensing

by Tudor-Alexandru Filip, Vlad-Andrei Scarlatache, Alin Dragomir, Georgiana Prodan-Chiriac and Marius-Andrei Olariu

Chemosensors 2026, 14(5), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14050107 - 1 May 2026

Abstract

Innovations in nanomaterial science, engineering and printing technologies have increasingly driven advances in electrochemical sensing. Screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) have become a versatile, low-cost, and scalable solution for developing portable electrochemical detection platforms. However, their analytical performance remains intrinsically limited by surface area, electron transfer efficiency, and the immobilization of biomolecules. Recent developments in nanostructured materials, ranging from two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene, MXenes, and transition metal dichalcogenides, to one-dimensional nanostructures and hybrid nanocomposites, have transformed the signal transduction landscape of SPE-based electrochemical sensors. Integration of nanomaterials into SPEs has successfully transformed their analytical capabilities, but the diversity of materials and modification strategies has made it difficult to consolidate current knowledge in the field. Strategies that integrate nanomaterials via ink formulation, surface modification, or in situ growth have yielded sensors with unprecedented sensitivity, reproducibility, and selectivity across various chemical and biological targets. This review offers a cross-material synthesis of how nanomaterial engineering transforms the electrochemical performance of SPEs. By integrating insights across morphology, interfacial chemistry, and device-level behavior, it establishes a unified perspective that has been missing from the current literature and clarifies the design principles driving next-generation SPE-based sensing platforms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors: Recent Progress, Challenges, and Future Perspectives)

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15 pages, 292 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lower Bounds for Absolutely Convergent Dirichlet Series and Pits Property

by Andriy Bandura, Mykhailo Pivkach, Tetyana Salo, Oleh Skaskiv and Andriy Kuryliak

Axioms 2026, 15(5), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms15050334 - 1 May 2026

Abstract

This article investigates the lower bounds of analytic functions defined by absolutely convergent Dirichlet series in the left half-plane and establishes conditions under which such functions exhibit the pits property. The study extends classical results for entire Dirichlet series and lacunary power series by refining assumptions on the sequence of exponents and resolving gaps in earlier proofs found in the literature. Central to the analysis is the introduction of a modified function

k (σ)

, whose behavior determines the size of exceptional sets surrounding the zeros of the series. Under suitable growth conditions on the exponents, the authors prove that outside small disks centered at the zeros, the modulus of the Dirichlet series admits explicit lower bounds involving its maximum term. Several auxiliary lemmas provide sharp estimates for the maximum modulus, the distribution of zeros, and the behavior of truncated Dirichlet polynomials. The main theorem demonstrates that the pits property holds uniformly in vertical strips approaching the imaginary axis. The paper concludes with a discussion of how the imposed step-size condition on exponents might be weakened, formulating a conjecture regarding a more general condensation index. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Complex Analysis and Related Topics)

23 pages, 2176 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mixed-Methods Projections of Post-Pandemic Agricultural and Urban Land Use in Eastern Thailand

by Gang Chen, Colleen Hammelman, Sutee Anantsuksomsri, Nij Tontisirin, Jackson Williams, Ryan Carter, Catherine L. Jones, Eleanor Ahdieh, Karen Regalado, Nichole Seward, Korrakot Positlimpakul and Sirima Srisuwon

Sustainability 2026, 18(9), 4467; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18094467 - 1 May 2026

Abstract

Eastern Thailand serves as a critical case study for the escalating tension between agricultural preservation and urban expansion, a dynamic recently intensified by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study addresses a pivotal research question: To what extent do emerging socio-economic realities, such as policy shifts, labor fluctuations, and climatic extremes, alter the spatiotemporal continuity of urban expansion? Employing a mixed-methods approach, we integrated multi-stakeholder insights with quantitative spatial modeling to simulate context-specific land use futures through 2030. Qualitative findings indicate that while COVID-19 accelerated agricultural modernization, evidenced by increased mechanization and e-commerce integration, these shifts have limited long-term impact on land use patterns. Instead, regional policy, climate change, and technological innovation emerged as the primary drivers of landscape transformation. Quantitative simulations reveal that urban growth will concentrate in the western provinces bordering Bangkok and the southern coastal corridors of Chon Buri and Rayong. Crucially, across all scenarios, approximately 60% of new urban land is projected to be converted from existing croplands, followed by significant losses in natural forest cover. These results demonstrate that current growth-oriented policies may undermine regional food security and ecosystem services. This study provides a framework for balancing agricultural modernization with ecological preservation, offering essential evidence for developing the integrated, sustainability-focused land use frameworks required to meet 2030 development goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

26 pages, 6280 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Privacy Policies in Local and Global E-Commerce Platforms: Insights on Compliance, Readability, and Transparency for Saudi Users

by Norah D. Alotaibi, Maysoon Abulkhair and Manal Bayousef

Electronics 2026, 15(9), 1922; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15091922 - 1 May 2026

Abstract

In recent years, electronic commerce (e-commerce) platforms catering to Saudi users have experienced significant growth. Analyzing the privacy policies of these platforms is crucial to ensure data protection and transparency for Saudi users, especially in light of Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030. However, existing studies on these platforms are limited in scope and fail to address key dimensions comprehensively. This study investigates the current state of privacy policies across 500 e-commerce websites serving Saudi users. The analysis focuses on policy availability, language, readability, and compliance with Saudi Arabia’s Personal Data Protection Law (PDPL). The findings reveal that 19.40% of websites lack privacy policies, and 2.01% fail to provide an Arabic version. On average, the privacy policies are lengthy, with approximately 981 words and 115 sentences, and are written in complex language that is difficult for users to understand. This study also identifies gaps in compliance with the PDPL, particularly in clarifying how data is collected and processed, and in explaining user rights. This study highlights the need for clearer, more accessible, and legally compliant privacy policies to enhance user trust and data protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights in Information Security and Data Privacy: Challenges and Solutions)

12 pages, 4381 KB

Open AccessArticle

High-Field Measurements of CoP and Elemental Combinatorics in the MnP-Type Family

by Daniel J. Campbell, John Collini, Kefeng Wang, Limin Wang, Brandon Wilfong, David Graf, Efrain E. Rodriguez and Johnpierre Paglione

Crystals 2026, 16(5), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst16050299 - 1 May 2026

Abstract

The MnP family of binary compounds presents an intriguingly simple platform to mix-and-match elemental components. Replacement on the transition metal or pnictogen site can alter magnetism, electronic correlations, and electrical properties. Here we report low-temperature properties of CoP, including measurements at magnetic fields exceeding 30 T, revealing de Haas–van Alphen oscillations and a nearly two orders of magnitude increase in resistance. When viewed together with prior work, it is possible to put together a global picture of the role of different atoms in variations in magnetic ordering, lattice coherence, and topological band structure features in this material family. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crystalline Metals and Alloys)

13 pages, 2502 KB

Open AccessReview

Systematic Review on the Propagation, Cultivation, and Development of Champereia manillana Bl. var. longistaminea, a Forest Woody Vegetable in China

by Lin Gou, Shang Shi, Chenghao Zhu, Ling Liu, Jianmin Tang, Rong Zou and Xiao Wei

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(5), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17050038 - 1 May 2026

Abstract

Champereia manillana (Bl.) Merr. var. longistaminea is an evergreen small tree. It belongs to the genus Champereia Griff. (Opiliaceae), and its tender leaves or flower buds can be eaten. It also has important medicinal and nutritional values. Wild populations of C. manillana are small and has a phenomenon of deforestation. Market development is hindered by propagation constraints, including low seed germination rates and poor rooting of cuttings. Standardized cultivation protocols are currently lacking. This paper systematically reviews the current status of propagation and cultivation research on C. manillana and analyzed the primary challenges. Recent research indicated that seed germination obstacles had been preliminarily overcome, and 50% shading was identified as the optimal cultivation condition. However, challenges remain, including slow growth, lack of standardized water and fertilizer management, and unclear molecular mechanisms regulating development. Future research should focus on improving vegetative propagation efficiency, elucidating growth mechanisms via multi-omics, and establishing standardized cultivation protocols from breeding to harvest. These strategies are essential for the sustainable utilization of C. manillana resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Reproduction)

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34 pages, 20321 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Mode Decomposition for Forecasting Flood-Driven Sedimentation at a River Mouth: A Data-Driven Coastal Modelling

by Anıl Çelik, Abdüsselam Altunkaynak and Mehmet Özger

Water 2026, 18(9), 1087; https://doi.org/10.3390/w18091087 - 1 May 2026

Abstract

Accurate forecasting of sediment accumulation under extreme hydrodynamic forcing is essential for coastal engineering design and harbor management. This study evaluates the performance of Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD), optimized DMD (optDMD), and optimized DMD with stability constraints (optDMDs) for reconstructing and forecasting sediment accumulation height fields at the Dilderesi River mouth under a 50-year return period flood scenario. Sediment height fields generated using Delft3D are represented through reduced-order modal decompositions and the truncation rank is determined based on reconstruction-error analysis. Although all formulations reproduce the training data with negligible error, their predictive behavior differs during temporal extrapolation. Standard DMD exhibits rapid error growth at longer lead times. The optDMD formulation improves short- and intermediate-horizon performance but shows gradual degradation at extended lead times. Optimized DMD with stability constraints provides the most consistent long-horizon forecasts, maintaining high Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency and low RMSE across the full 9 h prediction interval. Examination of the continuous-time eigenvalue distributions and modal dynamics indicates that spectral characteristics of the reduced-order representation govern forecast robustness. The results demonstrate that enforcing spectral stability within reduced-order frameworks substantially enhances morphodynamic forecasting reliability under extreme flood conditions. The proposed approach provides a computationally efficient and physically consistent tool for sediment dynamics prediction in coastal engineering applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Hydrology)

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20 pages, 4596 KB

Open AccessReview

Eosinophil–Epithelial Cell Crosstalk at Mucosal Barriers: From Homeostatic Regulation to Disease Pathogenesis

by Janet Lee and Eunsoo Kim

Cells 2026, 15(9), 832; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells15090832 - 1 May 2026

Abstract

Eosinophils are multifunctional granulocytes that reside constitutively within mucosal tissues, where they engage in bidirectional communication with the epithelial cells lining the respiratory and gastrointestinal (GI) tracts. Once regarded solely as terminal effectors of the type 2 immunity, eosinophils are now recognized as key regulators of epithelial homeostasis and barrier integrity. Epithelial cells initiate crosstalk by releasing the alarm cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-33, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and IL-25, which drive eosinophil recruitment, activation, and tissue retention. Conversely, eosinophils modulate epithelial function through the release of granule proteins, cytokines, and growth factors with both damaging and reparative consequences. In the airway, this crosstalk underpins the pathogenesis of eosinophilic asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), in part via eosinophil-derived mediators that disrupt tight junction integrity and fuel remodeling. In the GI tract, homeostatic eosinophils support villous architecture, epithelial turnover, and goblet cell differentiation through microbiota-driven IL-33 signals and neuropeptide-mediated neuroimmune pathways, whereas dysregulated crosstalk promotes eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This review synthesizes recent research to delineate the molecular mechanisms of eosinophil–epithelial crosstalk across mucosal compartments, highlight tissue-specific differences and shared mechanistic themes, and discuss the implications of these findings for targeted therapy. Full article

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15 pages, 1614 KB

Open AccessArticle

Reduction of Mould Growth on Beech Timbers Through Optimised Drying and Chemical Protection Strategies

by Ivan Klement, Zuzana Vidholdová and Tatiana Vilkovská

Forests 2026, 17(5), 561; https://doi.org/10.3390/f17050561 - 1 May 2026

Abstract

This study investigates strategies to reduce mould growth on steamed beech wood by evaluating drying-based and fungicide-based protection approaches. The drying-based approach focused on optimising the temperature of warm-air drying parameters to control moisture content and limit mould development. The fungicide-based approach involved testing selected agents, including 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate, boric acid, quaternary ammonium compounds, and nano-ZnO, for their effectiveness in preventing mould formation. Mould growth was assessed by macroscopic observation and classified according to standardised intensity levels. The results indicate that adjusting drying parameters alone is insufficient to prevent mould growth, whereas specific fungicide treatments provide effective surface protection. These findings offer practical guidance for minimising mould development on beech wood during drying and storage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 12th Hardwood Conference—Sopron)

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29 pages, 1899 KB

Open AccessArticle

Network Effects and Boom–Bust Dynamics in NFT Prices

by Ding Ding, Yang Li, Poh Ling Neo, Zhiyuan Wang and Chongwu Xia

FinTech 2026, 5(2), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/fintech5020036 - 1 May 2026

Abstract

This paper develops a tractable theoretical framework to study how network participation shapes the boom–bust dynamics of non-fungible token (NFT) prices. We model NFT pricing under network effects and heterogeneous consumers, and show that prices and participation are jointly determined in equilibrium. The model implies a critical participation threshold that separates expansion from contraction regimes: above this threshold, positive feedback between participation and valuation generates self-reinforcing growth, while below it, weakening network benefits lead to contraction. We provide empirical evidence using data from the aggregate NFT market and prominent collections including Bored Ape Yacht Club (BAYC) and CryptoPunks. Reduced-form regressions show a positive association between prices and network participation, with stronger effects at the collection level than in the aggregate market. Threshold estimation further provides evidence consistent with regime-dependent dynamics, with clearer tipping behaviour in well-defined NFT communities than in the aggregate market. These findings suggest that NFT valuation is closely tied to network structure and participation dynamics. More broadly, this paper contributes a unified framework that links participation, price formation, and threshold behaviour in NFT markets. Full article

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23 pages, 1764 KB

Open AccessArticle

Context-Dependent Effects of Maternal Behaviour on Lamb Growth in Tibetan Sheep

by Zihao Gu, Mingdi Wang, Zhong Liang, Yonggui Ma, Yinglian Qi and Jiapeng Qu

Animals 2026, 16(9), 1386; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16091386 - 1 May 2026

Abstract

Consistent behavioural differences among individuals have been documented across many animal taxa, yet their developmental consequences in domestic production systems remain less clear. This gap is especially relevant in managed environments, where food availability and ecological constraints differ markedly from those in the wild. In this study, we assessed behavioural traits in 25 Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) ewes and examined their associations with early growth in their lambs under semi-captive conditions on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. We quantified docility, exploration, vocal responses, and several physiological measures of responsiveness in the ewes and related these variables to lamb birth weight, early weight gain, and a composite growth index. We found that maternal docility had no significant effect on lamb birth weight, whereas maternal activity, defined as locomotor movement recorded during the open-field phase, was negatively associated with offspring birth weight. One possible interpretation is that ewes showing greater locomotor activity during the open-field phase allocate energy differently during gestation, which could limit foetal growth, although this mechanism was not directly tested in this study. These results suggest that the behavioural effects on offspring development depend strongly on the production context. In this semi-captive system, greater maternal responsiveness was not associated with improved offspring performance, unlike patterns that are often observed in wild populations. This context dependence may be relevant when behavioural traits are considered in Tibetan sheep management or breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Human-Animal Interactions, Animal Behaviour and Emotion)

17 pages, 11969 KB

Open AccessArticle

Diversity of Fusarium spp. in Pomelo (Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.) Orchards Riskily Caused Root Rot and Yellow Leaf Disease, and the Control Approach

by Nguyen Quoc Khuong, Chau Ly An, Nguyen Duc Trong, Le Thanh Quang, Le Thi My Thu, Nguyen Phuong Van and Do Thi Xuan

Appl. Microbiol. 2026, 6(5), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol6050058 - 1 May 2026

Abstract

Diseases caused by Fusarium spp. vary around the world. It is important to determine the causals agents and indigenous antagonists against these pathogens. Thus, this study aimed to (i) determine the pathogens of root rot and yellow leaf disease (RRYLD), (ii) select Trichoderma spp. strains to control the pathogens, and (iii) evaluate methods for preparing the antagonistic fungi. Diseased soil samples were collected from pomelo orchards in Ben Tre province, Vietnam. The experiment isolated 08 Fusarium spp. strains, with the fastest growth in PDA in FP-C16, FP-B18, FP-B16, and FP-B03 (8.33–17.3 mm) on day 4 of culture. They were identified as Fusarium fujikuroi FP-C16, F. verticillioides FP-B18, F. verticillioides FP-B16, and F. incarnatum FP-B03. On the other hand, 25 Trichoderma spp. strains were isolated from the pomelo rhizosphere. Among them, 13 Trichoderma spp. strains showed rapid growth and strong antagonistic activity against two Fusarium spp. strains under laboratory conditions. The two Trichoderma spp. strains TP-C40 and TP-G50 had antagonistic efficiencies against FP-C16 and FP-B16 at 47.7–63.5%. The two selected Trichoderma spp. strains were identified as Trichoderma asperellum TP-C40 and T. yunnanense TP-G50. The two Trichoderma spp. strains TP-C40 and TP-G50 reduced the number of leaves and roots infected by Fusarium spp. Full article

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15 pages, 2091 KB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Application of Hydrophobic Plasmonic Filter Paper for Detecting Pesticides in Edible Oil by Raman Spectroscopy

by Jie Gao, Weiwei Zhang, Hangming Qi, Xu Tao, Qian Yu, Xianming Kong and Kundan Sivashanmugan

Chemosensors 2026, 14(5), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14050106 - 1 May 2026

Abstract

A flexible paper-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrate with a hydrophobic surface was fabricated through a simple route. The Ag nanoparticle was modified on filter paper through the in situ growth method. The hydrophobic filter paper/Ag substrate was prepared via soaking in 10⁻⁸ g/mL of 1-dodecanethiol with a 12 h growth time. The hydrophobic filter paper/Ag substrate exhibits excellent flexibility and hydrophobic properties with a contact angle of 130.2°. The diffusion of the aqueous solution was significantly suppressed on the hydrophobic filter paper/Ag substrate. The hydrophobic filter paper/Ag substrate could simultaneously improve the SERS signal and fluorescence of the analyte, and that was successfully used for detecting thiram from edible oil with a limit of detection at 1.8 × 10⁻⁸ M and monitoring melamine in aqueous solution. The hydrophobic filter paper/Ag substrate is a flexible, economical, and convenient method for detecting harmful ingredients from oil by SERS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Applications of Nanomaterials in Biosensing: Current Trends and Future Prospects)

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